Tourism Industry Supply Chain through Stakeholder Participants: Facing Environment Uncertainty of Post Pandemic COVID-19

Abstract


INTRODUCTION
Tourism is an important sector that drives economic development and has a strategic position in increasing foreign exchange in many countries (Fatima et al., 2020;Kaushal et al., 2021;Bojanic and Lo, 2016;Septiningrum et al., 2022;Statistics Indonesia, 2019).Governments in several countries are trying to increase the economic benefits derived from the development of the tourism sector (Drvenkar et al., 2015;Camilleri, 2018), especially Indonesia, which has a lot of tourism potential to support tourism industry activities (Septiningrum et al., 2022; Sulistyadi et al., 2019).In Indonesia, tourism is one of the largest foreign exchange contributor sectors (Statistics Indonesia, 2019).Indonesia has many beautiful natural attractions and a rich diversity of cultures and local wisdom, ranging from traditional cuisine, music and performing arts.
Rembang is one of Indonesia's regions with a lot of tourism potential, both natural, cultural, artificial, and culinary (Septiningrum et al., 2022; DISPORA, 2020).During the COVID-19 pandemic, regional income from the tourism sector has decreased because the number of tourists has dropped dramatically.Based on data from the Rembang Regency Statistics Center, in 2020, the number of domestic tourists decreased by 33% from 2019, and foreign tourists decreased by 75% (Statistics of Rembang Regency, 2021a) which is shown in Table 1.The Government of Rembang Regency has made efforts to develop the potential and restore the existence of tourism during the COVID-19 period by optimizing the digitalization of promotions through the Tourism Information Center and tourism promotion content managed by the Tourism Office (Statistics of Rembang Regency, 2021b).The main goal of tourism development by the government is to restore the regional economy gradually to achieve high population welfare in the present and the future (Dwyer, 2022).However, several problems arise, such as there are still many tourists who do not know the various beautiful nature and tourism potentials in Rembang Regency.In addition, there is no better added value from the facilities and services provided to tourists when visiting tourist destinations in Rembang Regency.

Number of Tourist in Rembang
In fact, the facility system is an important thing that must be fulfilled for tourists because it shows the quality of tourism in an area (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Lohmann and Netto; 2016).All facility systems contained in the tourism industry in Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, are expected to be conveyed to visiting tourists.Improvement and mapping of service processes to customers can improve the quality of the product (Achmad et al., 2023a;Achmad et al., 2023b), especially products in the tourism industry.Therefore, the surrounding community as service providers need to be more concerned about tourists as consumers, so that they can apply the concept of Tourism Supply Chain (TSC) (Dewi et al., 2019).
The tourism supply chain generally involves business-to-business (B2B) and business-toconsumer (B2C) relationships in the tourism industry (Dewi et al., 2018).The supply chain in the tourism industry involves many different stakeholders.Therefore, it is interesting to trace the supply chain of the tourism industry to uncover supply chain actors in the tourism industry and analyze the role of each of them.By mapping the tourism industry supply chain model, it is expected to provide added value from tourism industry activities (Dewi et ).This study will focus on each stage by reviewing the support system facilities variables so that tourists can enjoy them.By increasing the added value of activities in the tourism industry, tourists get satisfaction in tourism.If tourists are satisfied with tourism, it will be followed by income and the economy of the community around the tourist area will also increase.In addition, mapping the value chain of the tourism industry helps the government make a policy to improve the performance of the tourism industry in Rembang Regency through related stakeholders.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Supply Chain Tourism
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the integration of a series of business activities from supplier/primary production, transformation, and marketing to final consumer to the customer (Stadtler, 2008;Gereffi et al., 2003).Meanwhile, Supply Chain Tourism is a network of tourism organizations integrated into various product or service components that are distributed to tourists through various roles (Zhang et al., 2009;Palang and Tippayawong, 2018).Supply chain has a dynamic nature and involves 3 flows namely, information flow, product/service flow and financial (Chopra & Meindl, 2007).In a dynamic environment, the tourism industry often faces higher fluctuations in demand that are difficult to predict due to competition between other industries (Palang and Tippayawong, 2018).Management that runs well between each level in the supply chain makes the supply chain flow run well and is expected to be cost-effective and foster customer satisfaction.Tourism products are diverse and structured and contain various service components, such as accommodation, dining, transportation, travel, and shopping centers (Palang and Tippayawong, 2018).

Tourism Industry
The tourism industry is one of the largest industries that integrate various sectors of tourism activities and supports more complex tourism activities (Theobald, 2005).The tourism industry will continue to develop complexly.According to (Lohmann & Netto; 2016), the tourism industry is an activity that involves many agents and sectors and requires complex integration among those responsible for its development.Meanwhile, according to the Government Regulation concerning the National Tourism Development Master Plan for 2010 -2025 the Tourism Industry is a collection of Tourism Businesses that are interrelated to produce goods and/or services to meet the needs of tourists in implementing tourism.

Stakeholder in Tourism Industry
The tourism sector is supported by regulators or facilitators, supporters, or owners of tourism capital, as well as local communities (Hartati et al., 2020).The government's role in tourism development oversees making systematic policies and planning.More and more stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process for resource integrators who will jointly create ecosystem value in tourist attractions and attractions (Birendra et

METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted with a descriptive qualitative approach.This approach can help researchers identify and explore phenomena in more depth to design a tourism supply chain model.The case study reviewed in this research is the Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia tourism industry.Rembang Regency has a lot of tourism potential that supports tourism industry activities.The steps in this research start from the phenomenon of tourism potential in Rembang Regency, which cannot be conveyed to tourists.Then a literature study was carried out from articles that examined supply chain research in the tourism industry.In addition, observations and in-depth interviews were carried out regarding relevant stakeholders.The end of the research is the conceptual framework for mapping the tourism industry supply chain.

Variable of Support System Facilities
Several data collection techniques were used, namely in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders and direct observation of the object of research.Determination of informants in interviews using a purposive sampling technique that meets several criteria (Sugiyono, 2013).The selected respondents are those related to the research topic, namely village leaders, tourism sector coordinators, SMI sector coordinators, business owners, tourists, travel agents, and tour operators.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After being hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have lost income from the tourism sector, one of them being Indonesia.During the pandemic, the central and regional governments are trying to maintain economic stability by promoting tourism to the public to visit tourist destinations.Tourists want quality tourism  With the fulfillment of all support systems and facilities by tourists, it is hoped that they will be able to provide customer satisfaction to tourists (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Septiningrum et al., 2022).This study's support system facilities variables include telecommunications, power sources, transportation, waste management, location, clean water sources, supporting industry, spatial, hospitality, and safety and security.Therefore, Figure 2 describes the support system variables in this study as tier 1 suppliers and tier 2 suppliers, which will be mapped for each stakeholder involved in these stages.).Tour agents represent tourism products and services to customers.They help generate interest and promote products and services.In addition, tour agents play an important role in building relationships with customers and helping to fulfill their needs.Tour agents help process customer orders and guarantee that all the necessary details are available and in order.Therefore, it is illustrated in Figure 3 that products or services from suppliers will be delivered to visiting tourists through tour operators and travel agents.Every component in the tourism industry, which consists of support systems and facilities as suppliers, tour operations and travel agents as distributors, and tourists as consumers, becomes a unit in the tourism industry activities.The integration of synergies between service providers in the tourism industry activities will increase performance and provide a positive experience for each tourist (Camilleri, 2018).Therefore, mapping the supply chain in the tourism industry, it is expected to clarify every activity in it (Dewi et al., 2018;González-Torres et al., 2021;Sriwana et al., 2022).With a mapped framework, one can generate the first, increased visibility; mapping the supply chain of the tourism industry provides a clear view of all stakeholders involved, their roles, and interdependencies.Second, better coordination; by mapping the supply chain, all stakeholders can identify opportunities for collaboration, reducing inefficiencies and improving coordination.Third, enhanced planning; the mapping process provides a basis for identifying and prioritizing areas for improvement, enabling better planning and decision-making.Fourth, better allocation of Resources; by understanding the supply chain, resources can be allocated more effectively, leading to improved performance and cost savings.

Result Elaboration Model of the Supply Chain Touris
The purpose of constructing a supply chain model for tourism in Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, is to map the stakeholders involved in tourism industry activities.So that it can be used to make recommendations to the government on how to maximize service flow, information flow, and profits in tourism industry activities (Chopra & Meindl, 2007).That way, it can increase added value for the tourism industry in Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.The increased value added in the tourism industry in Rembang Regency will the people around the tourist area to get jobs.Thus, it is necessary to map the supply chain in the tourism industry.Figure 4 shows the results of elaborating the supply chain tourism model.

CONCLUSIONS
This study develops a supply chain model in the tourism industry to uncover supply chain stakeholder in the tourism industry and analyze the role of each actor.This will provide added value for tourism industry activities so that they can align services for the better from suppliers to tourists.If tourists are satisfied with tourism, the income and economy of the community around the tourist area will also increase.The results of this study state that there are several stages in distributing services and support systems, and facilities to tourists, namely through suppliers, tour operators, tour agencies, and tourists.This finding has practical implications for the government in making policy strategies.Based on the results of the research that has been done, this model aims to be the basis for further development into a simulation model, and there are several opportunities that can be developed for further research.

A
supply chain management model for the tourism industry was developed to analyze the role of each stakeholder at each stage.The development of supply chain model for the tourism industry was developed based on important variables in developing tourism potential in an area, namely the Support System Facilities variables (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Septiningrum et al., 2022; Mahaputra, 2018; Wulung, 2021; Mulwa et al., 2018).Support systems and facilities are services developed either directly or indirectly to support and encourage tourism potential (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Septiningrum et al., 2022; Achmad et al., 2023a).

Figure 1
shows the conceptual model of the Support System Facilities variable.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Variable of Support System Facilities activities.Because the main function of the tourism industry is to serve tourists (Sara et al., 2021; Leković et al., 2020).The role of the supply chain is to provide added value that must be felt by all tourists visiting tourism (González-Torres et al., 2021; Sriwana et al., 2022; Janvier-James, 2012).The development of the supply chain model is based on several theories and references to previous research models (González-Torres et al., 2021; Rumanti et al., 2020).In addition, a supply chain network analysis was carried out based on observations in the tourism industry in Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.The purpose of supply chain diagrams is not to discuss the relationship of entities alone but to allow and think about with whom they interact in the supply chain(No, 2016;Achmad et al., 2023c).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Suppliers in the Tourism Industry Supply Chain Variables support systems and facilities are variables designed to measure and develop tourism potential in an area (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Septiningrum et al., 2022; Mahaputra, 2018; Wulung, 2021; Mulwa et al., 2018).To develop tourism in Rembang Regency, the support system variables should be able to be delivered to tourists visiting tourist destinations in Rembang Regency.With the fulfillment of all support systems and facilities by tourists, it is hoped that they will be able to provide customer satisfaction to tourists (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007; Septiningrum etal.,  2022).This study's support system facilities variables include telecommunications, power sources, transportation, waste management, location, clean water sources, supporting industry, spatial, hospitality, and safety and security.Therefore, Figure2describes the support system variables in this study as tier 1 suppliers and tier 2 suppliers, which will be mapped for each stakeholder involved in these stages.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Tour and Travel Agent in the Tourism Industry Supply Chain

From
the model constructs and previous explanations, it is necessary to have local government and regulations to support the development of the tourism industry in an area (Septiningrum et al., 2022; No, 2016).The local government of Rembang Regency has supported the development of the tourism industry through the Rembang Regency Regional Regulation No. 12 of 2019 concerning the Rembang Regency Tourism Development Master Plan for 2019-2025.Rembang Regency has implemented various strategies for developing the tourism industry in areas with potential (Statistics of Rembang Regency, 2021b; BPS, 2021).In addition, (Septiningrum et al., 2022) states that local governments also support the efforts of the Ministry of Tourism to promote potential tourism in Indonesia.Therefore, the role of local government is very useful in supporting success and plays an important role in the supply chain of the tourism industry.
Fifth, Improved customer satisfaction; mapping the supply chain allows the identification of pain points and opportunities for improving customer experience, thereby increasing customer satisfaction (Dewi et al., 2018; González-Torres et al., 2021; Sriwana et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2009; Palang and Tippayawong, 2018).From the explanation of each of these stages, an overall elaboration is obtained, which is used as a conceptual model for the tourism industry supply chain framework shown in Figure 4.