Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan is the Journal of Economic Law, International Trade Law and Commercial Law with a peer-reviewed free open-access scholarly journal published the first time on 2015. The journal was dedicated to furthering the understanding of Economic Law, international trade and commercial law that published by the Faculty of Law Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. The aims of the journal is to offering an international academic platform for cross-border legal research in, economic, trade law and commercial law. Submitted articles were reviewed anonymously and subjected to a rigorous editorial process. The journal aimed to stimulate research and become a major publication which provided an opportunity for academics, practitioners and consultants from different backgrounds to discuss the significant legal developments in, economic, trade and commercial law. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that fall within the scope of the Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan (PHP). Please read the information on the peer-review process. The articles published in PHP are going through a double-blind peer-review process. Hence, the decision on whether the scientific article is accepted or not, will be the Editorial Board’s right based on the peer reviewer's recommendation. The author who submits a manuscript, should comply with the author's guidelines and template, the editorial team will only accept a manuscript that meets the specified formatting requirements. Authors should registered, and submit the manuscript ONLY by submission system, we don’t receive the article by email. All papers submitted should be original contributions and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
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Judicial Flexibility in Imposing Sentences Below The Special Minimum Following The Recodification of The National Criminal Code: An Analysis of Sentencing Guidelines and Judicial Discretion
The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/KUHP) represents a significant development in the reform of Indonesian criminal law and the evolution of the national legal system. The new Criminal Code reinforces the principle of legality, which provides that no person may be held criminally liable or punished for an act unless such act has been clearly regulated by legislation. This study employs normative legal research using a statutory approach. The data used consist of secondary legal materials, including primary legal materials in the form of relevant legislation and secondary legal materials comprising previous studies and judicial decisions in which judges imposed sentences below the special statutory minimum in corruption cases.This study examines judicial flexibility in imposing sentences below the special minimum following the recodification of the National Criminal Code. The sentencing guidelines stipulated in Article 54 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Criminal Code should be understood as guidelines oriented toward a rehabilitative and restorative approach, with the aim of facilitating the improvement of offenders following the commission of a criminal offense. Nevertheless, these provisions should not be interpreted as granting judges unrestricted authority to impose sentences below a statutory special minimum. Rather, the sentencing guidelines serve as a framework for judges in adjudicating criminal cases in order to minimize excessive sentencing disparities while taking into account not only the defendant's degree of culpability but also humanitarian considerations, including the defendant's motives, objectives, state of mind, the consequences of the offense, and the response of society. Judicial flexibility following the recodification of the National Criminal Code remains necessary to realize substantive justice in sentencing. Nevertheless, such flexibility must be exercised in a measurable and reasoned manner and remain within the framework of the principle of legality. Judicial flexibility should therefore not be understood as unrestricted authority, but rather as the legally recognized scope within which judges may determine the type and severity of punishment that is most proportionate to the circumstances of the case and the sentencing guidelines set forth in Article 54 of the Criminal Code.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
JUDICIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE DEFENDANT’S OBJECTION IN DECISION NO. 46/PDT.SUS-PHI/2023/PN SBY
This study aims to analyze the judges’ considerations regarding the defendant’s exceptions in a civil case through a case study of Decision No. 46/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2023/PN Sby. Therefore, the author raises a legal issue concerning the impact of errors in stating the identities of the parties in a lawsuit, as well as the status of the land and building under SHM No. 352 as an object of conservatory attachment. This research employs a normative juridical method using a statutory and case approach. The findings indicate that the panel of judges granted several exceptions raised by the defendant, namely error in persona and obscuur libel. The court determined that the plaintiff’s claim contained formal defects. Consequently, the claim was declared inadmissible (niet ontvankelijk verklaard). This decision is consistent with the Supreme Court jurisprudence No. 601 K/Sip/1975 concerning the misidentification of a defendant and No. 81 K/Sip/1971 concerning the clarity of the object of a land dispute. The study demonstrates that, within the framework of civil procedural law, exceptions play an essential role as an initial mechanism for determining whether a claim is sufficiently proper to proceed to further judicial examination. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of exercising greater precision when drafting a statement of claim, particularly with regard to the identities of the parties and the subject matter of the dispute, so that a claim is not dismissed merely due to formal defects.
Restorative Justice versus Retributive Justice: Exploring Child Abuse Cases in Indonesia
Law enforcement of child abuse cases in Indonesia presents complex challenges, particularly in determining the most effective justice approach for both victims and perpetrators. This article compares Restorative Justice and Retributive Justice in handling child abuse cases, focusing on their impact on victim rehabilitation, deterrent effects on perpetrators, and protection for victims. Restorative Justice, which focuses on restoring relationships between victims and perpetrators, can accelerate the rehabilitation process and reduce long-term trauma for victims. Conversely, Retributive Justice, which prioritizes punishment for perpetrators and aims to provide a deterrent effect, often neglects the aspect of recovery for victims. This article also explores the social and psychological impacts experienced by victims depending on the approach used, as well as the challenges faced by the Indonesian legal system in effectively implementing Restorative Justice in child abuse cases. By understanding these two approaches, it is hoped that more comprehensive solutions can be found in handling child abuse cases in Indonesia.
The Legal Status of Refugees as Perpetrators of Criminal Acts in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System
The presence of foreign refugees in Indonesia raises various legal issues, one of which is when refugees commit crimes within Indonesian territory. Although Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugee management remains guided by Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning the Management of Refugees from Abroad and applicable national legal provisions. This study aims to analyze the legal status of refugees as perpetrators of crimes within the Indonesian criminal justice system and examine the forms of criminal liability that can be imposed on them. The study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach. The legal materials used include laws and regulations, international legal instruments, scientific literature, and relevant court decisions. The results show that refugee status does not eliminate criminal liability for crimes committed within Indonesian territory. Refugees remain subject to national criminal law provisions based on the territorial principle. However, there is no comprehensive regulation regarding the handling mechanism for refugee perpetrators of criminal acts, particularly regarding coordination between law enforcement officials, immigration authorities, and international organizations. This situation has the potential to create legal uncertainty in the law enforcement process and in determining refugee status after serving a sentence. Therefore, harmonization of national regulations with the principles of international refugee law is necessary to ensure legal certainty, human rights protection, and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in Indonesia.
Refugees; Crime; Criminal Responsibility; Criminal Justice System; Refugee Law.
Reconciling Progressive Personal Status Regulations with Domestic Public Policy: An Indonesian Paradigm for Cross-Border Adoption Involving Transgender Parents
Intercountry child adoption is a highly complex private international law matter involving jurisdictional conflicts, divergent national legal systems, and the protection of child rights. This study examines the current legal framework governing intercountry adoption in Indonesia, compares it with the German legal system and the 1993 Hague Convention, and proposes an implementation timeline and an ideal regulatory model under the Draft Private International Law Act (RUU HPI), along with its realization timeline. The research method employed is a normative juridical couple using statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches, and analyzing a concrete case of a transgender cross-border couple. The analysis demonstrates that the current sectoral and rigid adoption regulations, which still rely on the Dutch colonial legacy (Algemene Bepalingen van Wetgeving - AB), are no longer adequate to resolve modern cross-border disputes. The comparison with Germany highlights collisions in recognizing the personal status of transgender adoptive parents and the validity of mixed marriages. This study concludes that the enactment of RUU HPI, particularly Articles 13, 35, and 36, offers an ideal regulatory model that adaptively synthesizes the 1993 Hague Convention standards by prioritizing the best interest of the child and the habitual residence principle without compromising domestic public policy.
LEGAL SETTLEMENT OF TAX AVOIDANCE PRACTICES BY FOREIGN WORKERS WORKING IN INDONESIA
The increasing presence of foreign workers in Indonesia as a result of globalization has created challenges in the imposition of Income Tax, particularly related to tax avoidance practices. Although the taxation of foreign workers has been normatively regulated under Indonesian tax laws, in practice there remain legal loopholes and weak supervision that allow tax avoidance to occur. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing Income Tax on foreign workers, identify common forms of tax avoidance, and examine the available legal mechanisms for their resolution. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that tax avoidance by foreign workers commonly occurs through dual payroll schemes, manipulation of reported income, and non-compliance in reporting foreign assets. Furthermore, enforcement through administrative and criminal sanctions has not yet been fully effective. A comparison with Malaysia shows that preventive administrative measures are more effective in reducing tax avoidance by foreign workers.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DOMESTIC WORKERS: STRUCTURALINEQUALITY AND THE URGENT NEED FOR PRIVATE LEGAL PROTECTIONTHROUGH INDONESIA’S DOMESTIC WORKER PROTECTION BILL
2004 marked the first year for the Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT) to be passed as a law. 21 years later, Indonesia’s legislators still fail to see its urgency. Domestic Workers in Indonesia have a substantial role in sustaining a household, where the majority of them goes undocumented. Without a clear and formal agreement, Domestic Workers may face multitudes of discrimination and exploitation. With predominant Domestic Workers being women and/or underage, the vulnerability of this group becomes prominent, especially in highlighting the extremity of the dire need for legal protection. This paper sought to answer two questions, how does structural discrimination shape working conditions of domestic workers in Indonesia, and how can the Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT) address these systemic inequalities? Through a normative-juridical approach, this paper finds various structural victimization that may impede on the rights of these workers, ranging from economic structural victimization to social structural victimization. This paper also highlights current laws and regulations and how it failed to extensively protect Domestic Worker’s rights, this was also furthered by the ambiguity stance of Domestic Workers in Indonesia’s current legal frameworks. In conclusion, Indonesia still needs to address and acknowledge Domestic Workers as formal employees and ensure social and legal protection of their rights.
Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT)
GENDERED AI GOVERNANCE: INDONESIA'S HUMAN SECURITY FRAMEWORK
The concept of human security, first articulated by Mahbub-ul-Haq in the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report in 1994, emphasizes freedom from fear and freedom from want as cardinal principles, positioning individuals as the primary referent in security discourse. As artificial intelligence systems rapidly proliferate across Indonesia, these foundational human security concerns have manifested in distinctly gendered dimensions that demand urgent regulatory attention. This article examines the critical intersection between gender, human security, and AI governance in Indonesia's evolving regulatory landscape. Through systematic analysis of algorithmic discrimination cases affecting Indonesian women, particularly in the gig economy and online gender-based violence contexts, this research establishes the imperative for integrating gendered human security frameworks into national AI regulation. The study employs doctrinal legal research methodology combined with intersectional feminist analysis to propose a three-pillar regulatory model encompassing gender-responsive Smart Mix Approach, mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence, and gender-sensitive Regulatory Sandbox mechanisms. Findings reveal significant gender bias in AI systems, with online gender-based violence cases surging by 80.8 percent in 2024. The article argues that constitutional obligations under Indonesia's 1945 Constitution necessitate explicit gender mainstreaming in AI governance to protect women's fundamental rights from algorithmic discrimination.
Digital Justice and Human Security: Evaluating E-Court Reforms in Italy and Indonesia
The digital transformation of judicial systems represents a critical intersection between technological innovation and access to justice in the 21st century. This comparative study examines the implementation and impact of E-Court reforms in Italy and Indonesia—two civil law jurisdictions with divergent institutional capacities and development trajectories. Utilizing an integrated theoretical framework combining Human Security principles with Digital Governance theory, this research analyzes how judicial digitalization affects procedural transparency, case processing efficiency, and equitable access to justice. Drawing on qualitative document analysis of legislative frameworks, judicial performance data, and policy documents from 2015-2023, the study reveals significant contextual variations in reform outcomes comparing Italy’s Processo Civile Telematico (PCT) and Indonesia’s E-Court system. The research identifies institutional capacity, technological infrastructure, regulatory coherence, and explicit attention to digital equity as critical determinants of successful judicial digitalization. The study highlights the importance of human security-centered design approaches, addressing ethical dimensions of artificial intelligence deployment, ensuring algorithmic transparency, and maintaining hybrid access models to prevent digital exclusion. Findings suggest that technological sophistication alone cannot guarantee successful reform; rather, success depends on contextual adaptation, comprehensive capacity building, and sustained commitment to equity principles. The comparative analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers and judicial administrators in developing and developed democracies pursuing digital justice initiatives while safeguarding human security and fundamental rights.
DEFORESTATION AND COMPENSATION FOR THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Forests are the lungs of the world, benefiting both the environment and the communities surrounding them. Forest destruction, including through deforestation, will have detrimental impacts on society. Some of the detrimental impacts that can occur with deforestation are: landslides and floods have damaged both medicinal and community-owned crops. This means local communities cannot utilize the forest. The problem that will be discussed in this article is how to regulate forest protection, and if deforestation occurs, can the community receive compensation? The method used in this research is normative juridical, which studies more about the existing regulations in Indonesia regarding environmental protection, especially forests. From the research results it can be seen that the existing regulations are sufficient to protect forests, however, compensation for the community has not yet been regulated. Things that can be done regarding the losses experienced by communities due to deforestation include restoring the environment and helping communities to meet their needs. Environmental restoration and assistance to the community can be carried out by companies that manage forests, or the government, especially if the forest is a customary forest or state forest.
SOIL DEGRADATION RISK AND HUMAN SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF LAND USE IN SAMARINDA'S STEEP SLOPES
Soil erosion represents a critical environmental issue that threatens both ecological stability and human security in rapidly developing urban areas of Indonesia. This study aims to assess the soil erosion potential in Air Hitam Subdistrict, Samarinda Ulu, East Kalimantan, through field observation and environmental analysis. The study area is characterized by steep slopes, open-pit mining activities, limited vegetation cover, and high rainfall intensity, which collectively accelerate surface erosion processes and increase landslide potential. The soil type was identified with clay-dominated texture and low permeability, leading to significant surface runoff. Observations revealed clear signs of slope instability, sediment displacement, and exposed subsoil layers, confirming high erosion susceptibility. The degradation of vegetation and soil structure not only increases the likelihood of slope failure but also poses direct risks to surrounding communities, infrastructures, and water systems. To mitigate these impacts, integrated land conservation strategies are recommended, including slope stabilization, drainage improvement, and revegetation using local pioneer species such as Vetiver grass and leguminous cover crops.
Prince Clinton Immanuel Christian Damanik
EU CSDDD POSTPONEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN WORKERS’ HUMAN SECURITY
The EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) was first adopted in 2024. By imposing legal obligations on companies operating in the EU market, the CSDD aims to improve working conditions and safeguard human security beyond the EU borders, particularly in high-risk supply chains such as those in Southeast Asia. While the primary responsibility for human rights and security are with the respective Southeast Asian governments, many of these countries face enforcement challenges that limit effective protections for workers. The CSDDD’s extraterritorial scope complements state obligations by legally requiring multinational corporations to undertake due diligence on their global supply chains. However, its recent postponement to 2027-2029 raises concerns about regulatory gaps and enforcement challenges. This paper analyzes the impact of the CSDDD delay on human security in Southeast Asian supply chains, including how it impacts the leverage of local workers, trade unions, and NGOs in holding multinational corporations accountable. This paper uses a comparative and descriptive legal analysis of the CSDDD’s drafts and amendments, case studies from Indonesia and Vietnam, and stakeholder perspectives from NGO reports and trade union statements. The regulatory postponement poses a threat to human security in critical Southeast Asian industries. In conclusion, the delay in the CSDDD’s implementation risks stalling critical progress towards a sustainable and ethical global supply chain. To address this regulatory gap, interim solutions including bilateral cooperation, enforceable contractual protections, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms are needed to protect vulnerable workers and enforce corporate accountability.
Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)
REGULATORY MODEL FOR THE UTILIZATION OF LAND BANK MECHANISMS IN INDONESIA TO PREVENT AND AVOID LAND MAFIA PRACTICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON LAND GOVERNANCE
The issue of the "Land Mafia" in Indonesia reflects legal uncertainty and structural inequality in land ownership. The establishment of the Land Bank Agency through Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation, instead of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation and Government Regulation Number 64 of 2021, is a government effort to address this issue. However, the existence of this agency has sparked public concerns about the potential for abuse of authority and the return of discriminatory legalistic practices, similar to the principle ofdomain declaration, as revealed in the case of farmers in Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi.1The main problem faced is the absence of a holistic, transparent, and accountable regulatory model that can guarantee that the Land Bank truly functions for the greatest prosperity of the people, not for the interests of certain groups. This study aims to analyze, compare, and formulate a more effective manual regulation of the Land Bank. The research method used is normative juridical with a comparative approach to the Land Bank models in the Netherlands and France. The comparison shows fundamental differences: Indonesia applies a centralized model, while the Netherlands uses a decentralized model integrated with spatial planning, and France operates a semi-private hybrid model (SAFER) that has preferential rights and is supervised by a multi-stakeholder committee.1These findings highlight the advantages of the Dutch model, namely its adaptation to local contexts and efficiency in land consolidation, and the French model, which offers operational efficiency and robust oversight mechanisms. Based on these findings, this report proposes a "Hybrid-Decentralized Land Bank Regulatory Model." This model combines Dutch-style decentralization principles with a French-style multi-stakeholder oversight structure, grounded in fundamental theories of good governance. The success of Land Banks in Indonesia ultimately depends on institutional reforms that ensure transparency, accountability, and public participation, going beyond the mere formulation of formal regulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF LAW IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS IN THE SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES
International law is the law that governs all activities on an international scale. International law aims to create order and justice in the international community. It also regulates cooperative relations between countries worldwide. The purpose of regulating international relations is to prevent tension and major conflicts between countries. However, what if a country fails to maintain its international relations and even cause disputes between countries, which can lead to various problems? This research uses a normative legal research method, namely by reviewing and collecting information from literature sources such as books and laws.
EU DEFORESTATION REGULATION AND PALM OIL: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OR NON-TARIFF BARRIER?
The EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) requires all European Union–based companies to ensure that their imports and exports are free from deforestation and that human rights are upheld throughout their international supply chains, including with respect to palm oil commodities. The palm oil industry, which is closely associated with deforestation issues, is the most affected by the enactment of the EUDR. The issuance of the EUDR is therefore regarded as a form of non-tariff barrier imposed by the European Parliament to protect domestic products from competition with palm oil commodities. The EUDR may be considered as a form of green protectionism or a green barrier applied by the European Union under the pretext of environmental protection, specifically deforestation arising from oil palm plantation expansion in forest areas. Indonesia, as the world’s largest producer of palm oil, has undertaken various measures to address deforestation, including through regulatory frameworks such as the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), and other national regulations. Numerous efforts have been advanced in response to the issuance of the EUDR, which is discriminatory in imposing unfair rules or requirements on products from certain countries. Diplomatic engagement with the European Union continues, in coordination with like-minded countries, with the objective of seeking solutions to the divergence of views arising from the implementation of the EUDR.
ARBITRATION DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT BASED ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
Settling foreign investment disputes in Indonesia, in the context of increasing economic globalization, requires mechanisms that comply with applicable regulations to avoid inequalities between regulations for the disputing parties. Using a normative juridical approach and contextual methods, this study aims to understand the forms of foreign investment dispute resolution, including deliberation, Alternative Dispute Resolution (APS), litigation, and arbitration. The results indicate that arbitration is the primary option for resolving foreign investment disputes in Indonesia, due to the existence of specialized arbitration institutions such as BANI, ICSID, and UNCITRAL, as well as the recognition and enforcement of international arbitral awards that can be executed in other countries. This study concludes that arbitration is an effective and efficient dispute resolution mechanism for resolving foreign investment disputes in Indonesia.
BRIDGING AND NAVIGATING THE SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL SECTOR: STRATEGIC ROLE OF FINANCIAL SECTOR LEGAL CONSULTANT
There has been significant structural and regulatory transformation in the financial services sector in the last decade. The need to integrate sustainable financial sector, digitalization, and consumer protection places financial sector legal consultant in a strategic position that cannot be underestimated. Their function is not only as legal advisors, but also as compliance enablers, risk analysts, and strategic partners in the legal aspects of the business. The metamorphosis from a capital market legal consultant to a financial sector legal consultant brings profound consequences to the expansion of skill scope, adjustment of competencies, as well as increased ethical and professional responsibilities. This paper raises two issues of how can financial sector legal consultants bridge and navigate in a sustainable financial sector and how to optimize the strategic role of financial sector legal consultants? The research method of this paper is normative juridical, which examines the applicable provisions relating to the roles and responsibilities of financial sector legal consultants, mastery and sharpening of competencies that must be possessed. The data obtained from the research is analyzed qualitatively. The research results show that optimizing the strategic role of financial sector legal consultants is carried out with an agile and adaptive attitude to all dynamic changes in the financial services sector, responsive to client needs manifested in the ability to bridge all stakeholders in the financial services sector ecosystem. Financial sector legal consultants can provide proper navigation in the dynamic financial sector, especially in corporate activities and business transactions with a deep and thorough understanding of the ever-changing regulations, compliance with professional ethics, and always open to global trends and digital transformation.
From I DO to I DON’T: Recognition of Foreign Divorce in the Philippines
The Philippines, uniquely situated as the only nation outside Vatican City where divorce remains illegal for the vast majority of its citizens, holds marriage in high legal and cultural regard. Marriage is enshrined in both the 1987 Constitution and the Family Code as an "inviolable social institution," making its dissolution not only legally complicated but also socially contentious. Despite this strict framework, the wave of globalization and an increasing number of cross-national unions have made the recognition of foreign divorce a critical legal issue. This paper examines the nuanced landscape of foreign divorce recognition in the Philippines, contextualizing it against a backdrop of historical conservatism, colonial legacy, and current socio-legal challenges faced by Filipinos, particularly women unable to legally dissolve unhappy or harmful marriages. With only annulment or nullity available—and both options being expensive and difficult to obtain—Filipinos seeking legal dissolution often encounter substantial barriers, especially when foreign divorce decrees are involved. Through an in-depth review of landmark Supreme Court decisions, the evolving legal doctrine is highlighted, showing a gradual though uneven liberalization in the recognition of valid foreign divorces. These cases clarify procedural requirements, the effect of divorce by mutual agreement, the capacity of Filipino spouses to remarry, and the need for clear guidance on documentary proof and applicable foreign laws. Further, the role of the Office of the Solicitor General and the logistical difficulties encountered by parties, including issues with documentation and appeals, are scrutinized. The paper concludes by advocating for the Supreme Court to promulgate a comprehensive circular that harmonizes procedure and requirements for foreign divorce recognition. Recommendations include clearer rules on initiation, streamlined documentation in light of international conventions, enhanced training for judges, judicial notice of updated foreign divorce laws, and measures to deter procedural delays and prevent injustice to Filipino litigants. Such reforms would not only ease docket congestion but also bring much-needed clarity and fairness to a sensitive and often fraught area of family law.
THE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPENSATION FOR MARINE POLLUTION BY PLASTIC WASTE IN INDONESIA
One of the environmental damages currently quite disturbing is the ecological damage caused by plastic waste. Plastic waste is difficult to decompose so that it can disrupt the ecosystem of the land and the sea. One of the impacts of plastic waste is on the health of marine animals, where some of these animals, such as turtles, eat debris or plastic fragments. As a country with a large sea area, Indonesia must ensure its marine environment is not polluted by plastic waste. One way to prevent environmental damage is through regulation, where in addition to prevention, we must also look at what sanctions can be applied to those who violate the law by dumping rubbish in the sea. These can be criminal sanctions, such as fines and imprisonment, and sanctions to pay compensation, especially if victims are harmed. This research uses a normative legal method to answer the problem of how the rules in Indonesia regulate compensation in the event of pollution due to plastic waste. The current regulations are sufficient, but implementing compensation payments for plastic waste victims is still challenging.
HARMONIZATION OF LAND REGULATIONS IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO (IKN) WITH NATIONAL REGULATIONS IN THE LAND SECTOR
The construction of the National Capital in Penajam Paser, Kalimantan, has entered 25% of its construction, but it turns out that there are still several problems arising from the construction of this new capital. The infrastructure has been built, and preparations for the capital relocation have been partially implemented. The new capital city is located in Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan, and Nusantara. One of the problems with the construction of this national capital is the land issue because some of it is state land, and some is citizen land or customary land. As is known, Penajam Paser is located in a forestry area that also includes coastal areas and mangrove forests, residential areas, and mining. There are 21 indigenous community groups recorded as inhabiting the IKN area. As an inseparable part of the IKN development project, the existence of indigenous communities is problematic. On the one hand, these indigenous communities must be part of the region's development. Socio-historically, they have a long history in their socio-cultural life, passed down from generation to generation. On the other hand, in practice, the existence of indigenous communities was not involved in the initial formulation. The problem arises from land regulations in the IKN, whether they refer to the rules that apply nationally or if there are special rules for the IKN. If there are special rules, how can these rules be harmonized?
THE BRICS ERA: INDONESIA’S PATH TO SUSTAINABLE TRADE LAW AND DEVELOPMENT
Indonesia’s decision to join BRICS signifies a major shift in its economic and geopolitical strategy, offering new trade opportunities, financial access, and diplomatic leverage among emerging economies. This study examines the benefits and challenges of Indonesia’s BRICS membership, focusing on trade relations, environmental sustainability, and labor rights. The research problem lies in how Indonesia can maximize BRICS advantages while mitigating economic and regulatory risks. Using a qualitative approach, this paper analyzes policy reports, trade data, and expert opinions to assess BRICS’s impact on Indonesia’s economy and governance. Results indicate that BRICS provides expanded market access and financing through the New Development Bank, yet challenges arise in balancing regional commitments, sustainable resource management, and labor protection. The study concludes that Indonesia must adopt a strategic approach by maintaining ASEAN and Western ties, fostering economic diversification, and implementing fair trade policies to optimize BRICS’ benefits while addressing potential drawbacks.
FINANCING ENERGY TRANSITION: THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF TAX EQUITY FINANCING IN THE U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPE AND ITS FUTURE OUTLOOK
Financing remains one of the biggest hurdles in the United States transition to renewable energy, especially as clean energy projects often carry higher upfront costs than fossil fuels. To close this gap, developers rely heavily on government incentives like the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and Production Tax Credit (PTC), often through tax equity financing structures. This paper explores how the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has reshaped the renewable energy financing landscape, expanding access to tax credits, introducing transferability, and allowing more flexible funding models. It focuses on how these changes are impacting common structures like the partnership flip and giving rise to new tools, such as tax credit transfer. The paper also looks ahead, considering how shifts in political leadership influence the future of these incentives, and what that means for investors, developers, and the broader clean energy market.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND CROSS-COUNTRY COLLABORATION ON DATA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Publications on data and artificial intelligence ethics have grown in importance as more international entities seek to adopt new rules and create international frameworks to manage the same. Concerns remain, however, regarding the fragmented legal landscape and the absence of a unified set of standards for big data and artificial intelligence technology. This study examines data and AI ethical publishing and citation patterns from 1996 to 2022 (26 years). It highlights the leading countries and institutions, prominent research streams, and cross-country collaboration. Bibliometric analysis has been used to extract data from Scopus database. patterns. A title search strategy using particular keywords search was used extracting a total of 331 records. The data was exported to VOS viewer software, Biblioshiny and Excel in order to generate a thorough scientific analysis. This study fills the gap by addressing the issue of international collaboration in data and AI ethics research, and cultural diversity perspectives in the realm of international studies. The findings revealed that 633 authors from 40 different countries have contributed to documents on data and AI ethics. This shows that only a few countries contributed to global research trends in data and AI ethics, indicating a dearth of different perspectives. Computer science and philosophy professors in Western colleges affect data and AI ethics discussions in technology and society journals. Oxford and Cambridge universities offer key viewpoints on the subject, while merely three main clusters of cross-country collaboration took place. This study highlighted the practical implication where emphasis is needed to increase international collaboration in data and AI ethics research to create a more inclusive and equitable global framework. The study serves as the foundation for increased collaboration, which may dispel negative stereotypes, develop social cohesion, promote tolerance, and foster improved decision-making and problem-solving.
PENETAPAN PERBATASAN LAUT ANTARA INDONESIA DAN TIMOR LESTE DIKAITKAN DENGAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
Negara Timor-Leste atau Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (RDTL) merupakan sebuah Negara kecil yang terletak di Utara benua Australia dan Timur Negara Republik Indonesia. Perbatasan dengan Indonesia menjadi salah satu masalah bagi Timor Leste karena ada beberapa perbatasan yang belum ditetapkan. Perjanjian perbatasan sangat penting, di mana sampai saat ini ada beberapa daerah terutama di laut Timor yang belum diselesaikan penetapan perbatasannya. Hal ini dapat berakibat terhadap perdagangan internasional yaitu barang dari luar yang akan masuk ke Timor Leste baik dari segi keamanannya maupun pengaturan hukumnya. Timor Leste telah menjadi Anggota WTO ke-165, sehingga menjadi langkah mendasar menuju liberalisasi perdagangan, integrasi ke dalam perekonomian global, dan memfasilitasi akses ke pasar internasional. Salah satu daerah yg belum jelas perbatasan lautnya adalah di Oecusse yaitu daerah Pulau Timor. Dengan tidak adanya perbatasan yang jelas, maka menjadi masalah terkait keamanan transportasi barang di daerah tersebut termasuk tidak adanya wewenang yang jelas dalam pengelolaan perbatasan Indonesia dengan Timor Leste. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode juridis normatif dengan mengkaji aturan atau perjanjian internasional seperti UNCLOS dan WTO. Dengan mengacu pada UNCLOS dan juga aturan yang ada dalam World Trade Organization (WTO), maka perdagangan internasional di Timor Leste tetap dapat dilakukan untuk kepentingan kedua negara yaitu dengan pengelolaan bersama di perbatasan laut Timor.
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PENERAPAN HUKUM INDONESIA TERKAIT DENGAN PENGGUNAAN ILUSTRASI DALAM DATABASE PROGRAM DENGAN BANTUAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence (AI) adalah hasil dari kemajuan teknologi baru. Salah satu implementasi AI adalah pembuatan gambar baru. Dalam pembuatan gambar tersebut, perusahaan pengelola AI membutuhkan gambar yang bersifat original untuk digunakan sebagai data untuk melatih AI agar bisa membuat gambar dengan sendirinya, melalui input yang diberikan oleh pengguna. Dalam melakukan pengumpulan gambar sebagai dari data pelatihan dilakukan Data Scrapping yang menggandakan gambar tanpa memandang hak cipta yang terkait dengannya. Belakangan ini terjadi banyak gugatan terhadap perusahaan pengelola pembuatan Gambar dengan bantuan AI atas dugaan terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta yang dilakukan perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut. Dugaan tersebut terjadi karena kemampuan AI untuk meniru gaya menggambar yang menjadi khas dari para seniman tersebut, yang berarti pada saat pelatihan AI, karya-karya sebelumnya milik para seniman tersebut diambil dan digandakan untuk digunakan dalam pelatihan AI. Hal tersebut menimbulkan permasalahan apakah praktik pembuatan seni grafis oleh AI merupakan pelanggaran hak cipta dikaji dari hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, penelitian ini menarik kesimpulan bahwa hal tersebut melanggar hak moral dan hak ekonomi dari para pencipta, karena penggunaan gambar yang menjadi hak cipta para seniman tanpa permintaan izin daripadanya, dan penggunaan hak cipta mereka untuk melakukan usaha yang menghasilkan uang.
Hak Cipta, Seni Grafis, Artificial Intelligence, Hukum Indonesia
KAJIAN HUKUM TERKAIT DAMPAK EKONOMI KEJAHATAN SKEMA PIRAMIDA
Skema Piramida merupakan salah satu sistem bisnis ilegal yang menimbulkan kerugian banyak orang. Di Indonesia dan di dunia, Skema Piramida ini sudah dilarang berjalan dan terdapat sanksi dalam menjalankan skema ini. Melihat skema yang dijalankan dalam Skema Piramida yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi investor (korban), permasalahan mulai muncul yaitu sehubungan dengan dampak terhadap perekonomian negara akibat kejahatan Skema Piramida. Sehingga tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana dampak perekonomian negara yang ditimbulkan akibat kejahatan Skema Piramida ini. Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif. Hasilnya, ternyata kejahatan Skema Piramida ini menimbulkan kerugian bagi perekonomian negara karena terhambatnya pertumbuhan negara. Dalam analisisnya, kerugian ekonomi dialami oleh negara Albania dan Romania. Dimana tingkat inflasi negara-negara tersebut terjadi akibat perputaran uang yang cepat, dan tingginya permintaan barang. Oleh karena itu, semakin banyak masyarakat yang berpartisipasi dalam skema ini, perekonomian akan semakin terhenti.
Skema Piramida, Ekonomi, Kerugian, Hukum
ANALISIS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN PERDATA MENGENAI KASUS DUGAAN MALPRAKTEK MEDIS BERDASARKAN TEORI HUKUM KESEHATAN (DAS SOLLEN - DAS SEIN)
Konsep penanganan dan penyelesaian kasus dugaan malpraktek medis menurut Hukum Kesehatan adalah bersifat Lex Spesialis, hal ini belum dipahami secara baik oleh masyarakat dan penegak hukum, sehingga proses penanganan dan penyelesaiannya menjadi rumit, menghabiskan waktu, pikiran, tenaga, dan biaya. Pada penelitian ini peneliti mencari jawaban mengenai, “Bagaimana seharusnya kasus dugaan malpraktek medis diselesaikan dan seperti apa putusan pengadilan perdata terkait kasus dugaan malpraktek medis selama ini?”. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan analisis kualitatif terhadap data putusan pengadilan perdata (dan putusan pengadilan pidana sebagai pembanding) dalam Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar putusan pengadilan yang diteliti adalah putusan pengadilan perdata yang mayoritas menggunakan pasal-pasal perbuatan melawan hukum (PMH) yang diselesaikan dengan penggantian kerugian. Hal ini selaras dengan konsep penyelesaian kasus dugaan malpraktek medis menurut Hukum Kesehatan, namun perbedaannya, dalam konsep Hukum Kesehatan, kasus dugaan malpraktek medis diselesaikan dengan “positives defences medical profession” (intern justice) tanpa melalui proses pengadilan. Kasus dugaan malpraktek medis yang sampai di tingkat Kasasi cukup banyak, dan Penggugat yang menggugat providers pelayanan kesehatan lebih banyak dirugikan atau dikalahkan.
KEWENANGAN HUKUM BPBD DALAM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DI JAKARTA
Banjir merupakan salah satu bencana yang sering terjadi di Jakarta dan menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif, baik dari segi sosial, ekonomi, maupun lingkungan. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas persoalan mengenai bagaimanakah kewenangan hukum Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD) Jakarta dalam penanggulangan bencana di Jakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang didasarkan pada data sekunder yang bersumber pada penelusuran kepustakaan sebagai data utama. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa BPBD sebagai lembaga pemerintah daerah memiliki peran sentral dalam mengkoordinasikan upaya penanggulangan bencana, mulai dari tahap pencegahan, penanganan darurat, hingga rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi pasca-bencana. Adapun peraturan yang menjadi dasar hukum kewenangan BPBD adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penanggulangan Bencana, serta peraturan daerah yang relevan. Melalui analisis ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan yang lebih mendalam tentang peran hukum dan kelembagaan dalam penanggulangan bencana di kota metropolitan seperti Jakarta.
IMPLIKASI ALGORITHMIC DECISION-MAKING (ADM) TERHADAP OTONOMI SUBYEK DATA DAN LEGALITASNYA DALAM PEMROSESAN BIG DATA
Penggunaan algorithmic decision making (ADM) dalam platform digital semakin lazim karena membawa kemudahan dan kemampuannya untuk pengambilan keputusan secara cepat. Contoh prominen penggunaan ADM adalah dalam bentuk pemrofilan (profiling). ADM merupakan suatu proses atas input data untuk menghasilkan suatu penilaian atau pilihan guna mengambil keputusan dan dicirikan oleh analisis atas data dalam jumlah besar dan otomasi untuk pengambilan keputusan dan eksekusinya. Namun demikian, penggunaan ADM dapat pula membatasi hak subyek data untuk membuat keputusan atas dirinya. Untuk mengkaji persoalan tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan studi pustaka atas data sekunder dan analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, penggunaan ADM dapat membatasi otonomi subyek data dan karenanya dapat dilakukan hanya dengan persetujuan subyek data. Kedua, dalam hal ADM dilakukan dalam pemrosesan big data, persetujuan subyek data tetap harus ada dan untuk itu perlu dibuat system pengelolaan persetujuan yang akuntabel
TINJAUAN YURIDIS INTEGRASI NIK MENJADI NPWP
Pajak merupakan salah satu sumber penerimaan negara yang digunakan oleh pemerintah dalam rangka membiayai kebutuhan negara. Menurut data pendapatan dari pajak hingga akhir Juli 2023 mencapai Rp. 1.109, 1 triliun atau 64,6 persen dari target APBN 2023. Capaian penerimaan ini tercatat tumbuh sebesar 7,8 persen secara tahunan. Melihat begitu pentingnya posisi pajak sebagai salah satu penerimaan negara banyak hal yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk menaikkan penerimaan dari pajak ini. Pada awal tahun 2023 Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) melakukan terobosan yang menjadikan Nomor Induk Kependudukan (NIK) sebagai Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) seperti tertuang dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1a) Undang-undang No 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Perpajakan dan PMK Nomor 112/PMK.03/2022 tentang NPWP, Bagi WP Orang Pribadi, WP Badan dan WP Instansi Pemerintah. Dalam proses integrasi ini ada beberapa pertanyaan mendasar , yaitu apakah semua yang memiliki NIK wajib membayar pajak, bagaimana terkait perlindungan data pribadi mengingat NIK sifatnya privasi dan apakah ada sanksi bagi WP yang tidak melakukan integrasi sampai batas waktu yang ditentukan. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah yuridis normatif. Tidak semua orang yang memiliki NIK secara otomatis menjadi wajib pajak. Begitu mereka memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektifnya barulah NIK-nya diaktivasi guna menjalankan kewajiban perpajakannya. Pemerintah dalam hal ini DJP sudah melakukan berbagai antisipasi terkait perlindungan data didukung juga dengan adanya UU PDP. Integrasi NIK menjadi NPWP menjadi hal yang harus dilakukan agar wajib pajak dapat menjalankan administrasi perpajakan dan memanfaatkan administrasi dari pihak lainnya.