Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan is the Journal of Economic Law, International Trade Law and Commercial Law with a peer-reviewed free open-access scholarly journal published the first time on 2015. The journal was dedicated to furthering the understanding of Economic Law, international trade and commercial law that published by the Faculty of Law Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. The aims of the journal is to offering an international academic platform for cross-border legal research in, economic, trade law and commercial law. Submitted articles were reviewed anonymously and subjected to a rigorous editorial process. The journal aimed to stimulate research and become a major publication which provided an opportunity for academics, practitioners and consultants from different backgrounds to discuss the significant legal developments in, economic, trade and commercial law. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that fall within the scope of the Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan (PHP). Please read the information on the peer-review process. The articles published in PHP are going through a double-blind peer-review process. Hence, the decision on whether the scientific article is accepted or not, will be the Editorial Board’s right based on the peer reviewer's recommendation. The author who submits a manuscript, should comply with the author's guidelines and template, the editorial team will only accept a manuscript that meets the specified formatting requirements. Authors should registered, and submit the manuscript ONLY by submission system, we don’t receive the article by email. All papers submitted should be original contributions and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
Diperbolehkan atau tidak mempublikasikan tulisan di resopitory instansi penulis
LEGAL SETTLEMENT OF TAX AVOIDANCE PRACTICES BY FOREIGN WORKERS WORKING IN INDONESIA
The increasing presence of foreign workers in Indonesia as a result of globalization has created challenges in the imposition of Income Tax, particularly related to tax avoidance practices. Although the taxation of foreign workers has been normatively regulated under Indonesian tax laws, in practice there remain legal loopholes and weak supervision that allow tax avoidance to occur. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing Income Tax on foreign workers, identify common forms of tax avoidance, and examine the available legal mechanisms for their resolution. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that tax avoidance by foreign workers commonly occurs through dual payroll schemes, manipulation of reported income, and non-compliance in reporting foreign assets. Furthermore, enforcement through administrative and criminal sanctions has not yet been fully effective. A comparison with Malaysia shows that preventive administrative measures are more effective in reducing tax avoidance by foreign workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DOMESTIC WORKERS: STRUCTURALINEQUALITY AND THE URGENT NEED FOR PRIVATE LEGAL PROTECTIONTHROUGH INDONESIA’S DOMESTIC WORKER PROTECTION BILL
2004 marked the first year for the Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT) to be passed as a law. 21 years later, Indonesia’s legislators still fail to see its urgency. Domestic Workers in Indonesia have a substantial role in sustaining a household, where the majority of them goes undocumented. Without a clear and formal agreement, Domestic Workers may face multitudes of discrimination and exploitation. With predominant Domestic Workers being women and/or underage, the vulnerability of this group becomes prominent, especially in highlighting the extremity of the dire need for legal protection. This paper sought to answer two questions, how does structural discrimination shape working conditions of domestic workers in Indonesia, and how can the Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT) address these systemic inequalities? Through a normative-juridical approach, this paper finds various structural victimization that may impede on the rights of these workers, ranging from economic structural victimization to social structural victimization. This paper also highlights current laws and regulations and how it failed to extensively protect Domestic Worker’s rights, this was also furthered by the ambiguity stance of Domestic Workers in Indonesia’s current legal frameworks. In conclusion, Indonesia still needs to address and acknowledge Domestic Workers as formal employees and ensure social and legal protection of their rights.
Domestic Workers Protection Bill (RUU PPRT)
GENDERED AI GOVERNANCE: INDONESIA'S HUMAN SECURITY FRAMEWORK
The concept of human security, first articulated by Mahbub-ul-Haq in the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report in 1994, emphasizes freedom from fear and freedom from want as cardinal principles, positioning individuals as the primary referent in security discourse. As artificial intelligence systems rapidly proliferate across Indonesia, these foundational human security concerns have manifested in distinctly gendered dimensions that demand urgent regulatory attention. This article examines the critical intersection between gender, human security, and AI governance in Indonesia's evolving regulatory landscape. Through systematic analysis of algorithmic discrimination cases affecting Indonesian women, particularly in the gig economy and online gender-based violence contexts, this research establishes the imperative for integrating gendered human security frameworks into national AI regulation. The study employs doctrinal legal research methodology combined with intersectional feminist analysis to propose a three-pillar regulatory model encompassing gender-responsive Smart Mix Approach, mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence, and gender-sensitive Regulatory Sandbox mechanisms. Findings reveal significant gender bias in AI systems, with online gender-based violence cases surging by 80.8 percent in 2024. The article argues that constitutional obligations under Indonesia's 1945 Constitution necessitate explicit gender mainstreaming in AI governance to protect women's fundamental rights from algorithmic discrimination.
Digital Justice and Human Security: Evaluating E-Court Reforms in Italy and Indonesia
The digital transformation of judicial systems represents a critical intersection between technological innovation and access to justice in the 21st century. This comparative study examines the implementation and impact of E-Court reforms in Italy and Indonesia—two civil law jurisdictions with divergent institutional capacities and development trajectories. Utilizing an integrated theoretical framework combining Human Security principles with Digital Governance theory, this research analyzes how judicial digitalization affects procedural transparency, case processing efficiency, and equitable access to justice. Drawing on qualitative document analysis of legislative frameworks, judicial performance data, and policy documents from 2015-2023, the study reveals significant contextual variations in reform outcomes comparing Italy’s Processo Civile Telematico (PCT) and Indonesia’s E-Court system. The research identifies institutional capacity, technological infrastructure, regulatory coherence, and explicit attention to digital equity as critical determinants of successful judicial digitalization. The study highlights the importance of human security-centered design approaches, addressing ethical dimensions of artificial intelligence deployment, ensuring algorithmic transparency, and maintaining hybrid access models to prevent digital exclusion. Findings suggest that technological sophistication alone cannot guarantee successful reform; rather, success depends on contextual adaptation, comprehensive capacity building, and sustained commitment to equity principles. The comparative analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers and judicial administrators in developing and developed democracies pursuing digital justice initiatives while safeguarding human security and fundamental rights.
DEFORESTATION AND COMPENSATION FOR THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Forests are the lungs of the world, benefiting both the environment and the communities surrounding them. Forest destruction, including through deforestation, will have detrimental impacts on society. Some of the detrimental impacts that can occur with deforestation are: landslides and floods have damaged both medicinal and community-owned crops. This means local communities cannot utilize the forest. The problem that will be discussed in this article is how to regulate forest protection, and if deforestation occurs, can the community receive compensation? The method used in this research is normative juridical, which studies more about the existing regulations in Indonesia regarding environmental protection, especially forests. From the research results it can be seen that the existing regulations are sufficient to protect forests, however, compensation for the community has not yet been regulated. Things that can be done regarding the losses experienced by communities due to deforestation include restoring the environment and helping communities to meet their needs. Environmental restoration and assistance to the community can be carried out by companies that manage forests, or the government, especially if the forest is a customary forest or state forest.
SOIL DEGRADATION RISK AND HUMAN SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF LAND USE IN SAMARINDA'S STEEP SLOPES
Soil erosion represents a critical environmental issue that threatens both ecological stability and human security in rapidly developing urban areas of Indonesia. This study aims to assess the soil erosion potential in Air Hitam Subdistrict, Samarinda Ulu, East Kalimantan, through field observation and environmental analysis. The study area is characterized by steep slopes, open-pit mining activities, limited vegetation cover, and high rainfall intensity, which collectively accelerate surface erosion processes and increase landslide potential. The soil type was identified with clay-dominated texture and low permeability, leading to significant surface runoff. Observations revealed clear signs of slope instability, sediment displacement, and exposed subsoil layers, confirming high erosion susceptibility. The degradation of vegetation and soil structure not only increases the likelihood of slope failure but also poses direct risks to surrounding communities, infrastructures, and water systems. To mitigate these impacts, integrated land conservation strategies are recommended, including slope stabilization, drainage improvement, and revegetation using local pioneer species such as Vetiver grass and leguminous cover crops.
Prince Clinton Immanuel Christian Damanik
EU CSDDD POSTPONEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN WORKERS’ HUMAN SECURITY
The EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) was first adopted in 2024. By imposing legal obligations on companies operating in the EU market, the CSDD aims to improve working conditions and safeguard human security beyond the EU borders, particularly in high-risk supply chains such as those in Southeast Asia. While the primary responsibility for human rights and security are with the respective Southeast Asian governments, many of these countries face enforcement challenges that limit effective protections for workers. The CSDDD’s extraterritorial scope complements state obligations by legally requiring multinational corporations to undertake due diligence on their global supply chains. However, its recent postponement to 2027-2029 raises concerns about regulatory gaps and enforcement challenges. This paper analyzes the impact of the CSDDD delay on human security in Southeast Asian supply chains, including how it impacts the leverage of local workers, trade unions, and NGOs in holding multinational corporations accountable. This paper uses a comparative and descriptive legal analysis of the CSDDD’s drafts and amendments, case studies from Indonesia and Vietnam, and stakeholder perspectives from NGO reports and trade union statements. The regulatory postponement poses a threat to human security in critical Southeast Asian industries. In conclusion, the delay in the CSDDD’s implementation risks stalling critical progress towards a sustainable and ethical global supply chain. To address this regulatory gap, interim solutions including bilateral cooperation, enforceable contractual protections, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms are needed to protect vulnerable workers and enforce corporate accountability.
Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)
REGULATORY MODEL FOR THE UTILIZATION OF LAND BANK MECHANISMS IN INDONESIA TO PREVENT AND AVOID LAND MAFIA PRACTICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON LAND GOVERNANCE
The issue of the "Land Mafia" in Indonesia reflects legal uncertainty and structural inequality in land ownership. The establishment of the Land Bank Agency through Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation, instead of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation and Government Regulation Number 64 of 2021, is a government effort to address this issue. However, the existence of this agency has sparked public concerns about the potential for abuse of authority and the return of discriminatory legalistic practices, similar to the principle ofdomain declaration, as revealed in the case of farmers in Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi.1The main problem faced is the absence of a holistic, transparent, and accountable regulatory model that can guarantee that the Land Bank truly functions for the greatest prosperity of the people, not for the interests of certain groups. This study aims to analyze, compare, and formulate a more effective manual regulation of the Land Bank. The research method used is normative juridical with a comparative approach to the Land Bank models in the Netherlands and France. The comparison shows fundamental differences: Indonesia applies a centralized model, while the Netherlands uses a decentralized model integrated with spatial planning, and France operates a semi-private hybrid model (SAFER) that has preferential rights and is supervised by a multi-stakeholder committee.1These findings highlight the advantages of the Dutch model, namely its adaptation to local contexts and efficiency in land consolidation, and the French model, which offers operational efficiency and robust oversight mechanisms. Based on these findings, this report proposes a "Hybrid-Decentralized Land Bank Regulatory Model." This model combines Dutch-style decentralization principles with a French-style multi-stakeholder oversight structure, grounded in fundamental theories of good governance. The success of Land Banks in Indonesia ultimately depends on institutional reforms that ensure transparency, accountability, and public participation, going beyond the mere formulation of formal regulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF LAW IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS IN THE SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES
International law is the law that governs all activities on an international scale. International law aims to create order and justice in the international community. It also regulates cooperative relations between countries worldwide. The purpose of regulating international relations is to prevent tension and major conflicts between countries. However, what if a country fails to maintain its international relations and even cause disputes between countries, which can lead to various problems? This research uses a normative legal research method, namely by reviewing and collecting information from literature sources such as books and laws.
EU DEFORESTATION REGULATION AND PALM OIL: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OR NON-TARIFF BARRIER?
The EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) requires all European Union–based companies to ensure that their imports and exports are free from deforestation and that human rights are upheld throughout their international supply chains, including with respect to palm oil commodities. The palm oil industry, which is closely associated with deforestation issues, is the most affected by the enactment of the EUDR. The issuance of the EUDR is therefore regarded as a form of non-tariff barrier imposed by the European Parliament to protect domestic products from competition with palm oil commodities. The EUDR may be considered as a form of green protectionism or a green barrier applied by the European Union under the pretext of environmental protection, specifically deforestation arising from oil palm plantation expansion in forest areas. Indonesia, as the world’s largest producer of palm oil, has undertaken various measures to address deforestation, including through regulatory frameworks such as the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), and other national regulations. Numerous efforts have been advanced in response to the issuance of the EUDR, which is discriminatory in imposing unfair rules or requirements on products from certain countries. Diplomatic engagement with the European Union continues, in coordination with like-minded countries, with the objective of seeking solutions to the divergence of views arising from the implementation of the EUDR.
ARBITRATION DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT BASED ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
Settling foreign investment disputes in Indonesia, in the context of increasing economic globalization, requires mechanisms that comply with applicable regulations to avoid inequalities between regulations for the disputing parties. Using a normative juridical approach and contextual methods, this study aims to understand the forms of foreign investment dispute resolution, including deliberation, Alternative Dispute Resolution (APS), litigation, and arbitration. The results indicate that arbitration is the primary option for resolving foreign investment disputes in Indonesia, due to the existence of specialized arbitration institutions such as BANI, ICSID, and UNCITRAL, as well as the recognition and enforcement of international arbitral awards that can be executed in other countries. This study concludes that arbitration is an effective and efficient dispute resolution mechanism for resolving foreign investment disputes in Indonesia.
BRIDGING AND NAVIGATING THE SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL SECTOR: STRATEGIC ROLE OF FINANCIAL SECTOR LEGAL CONSULTANT
There has been significant structural and regulatory transformation in the financial services sector in the last decade. The need to integrate sustainable financial sector, digitalization, and consumer protection places financial sector legal consultant in a strategic position that cannot be underestimated. Their function is not only as legal advisors, but also as compliance enablers, risk analysts, and strategic partners in the legal aspects of the business. The metamorphosis from a capital market legal consultant to a financial sector legal consultant brings profound consequences to the expansion of skill scope, adjustment of competencies, as well as increased ethical and professional responsibilities. This paper raises two issues of how can financial sector legal consultants bridge and navigate in a sustainable financial sector and how to optimize the strategic role of financial sector legal consultants? The research method of this paper is normative juridical, which examines the applicable provisions relating to the roles and responsibilities of financial sector legal consultants, mastery and sharpening of competencies that must be possessed. The data obtained from the research is analyzed qualitatively. The research results show that optimizing the strategic role of financial sector legal consultants is carried out with an agile and adaptive attitude to all dynamic changes in the financial services sector, responsive to client needs manifested in the ability to bridge all stakeholders in the financial services sector ecosystem. Financial sector legal consultants can provide proper navigation in the dynamic financial sector, especially in corporate activities and business transactions with a deep and thorough understanding of the ever-changing regulations, compliance with professional ethics, and always open to global trends and digital transformation.
From I DO to I DON’T: Recognition of Foreign Divorce in the Philippines
The Philippines, uniquely situated as the only nation outside Vatican City where divorce remains illegal for the vast majority of its citizens, holds marriage in high legal and cultural regard. Marriage is enshrined in both the 1987 Constitution and the Family Code as an "inviolable social institution," making its dissolution not only legally complicated but also socially contentious. Despite this strict framework, the wave of globalization and an increasing number of cross-national unions have made the recognition of foreign divorce a critical legal issue. This paper examines the nuanced landscape of foreign divorce recognition in the Philippines, contextualizing it against a backdrop of historical conservatism, colonial legacy, and current socio-legal challenges faced by Filipinos, particularly women unable to legally dissolve unhappy or harmful marriages. With only annulment or nullity available—and both options being expensive and difficult to obtain—Filipinos seeking legal dissolution often encounter substantial barriers, especially when foreign divorce decrees are involved. Through an in-depth review of landmark Supreme Court decisions, the evolving legal doctrine is highlighted, showing a gradual though uneven liberalization in the recognition of valid foreign divorces. These cases clarify procedural requirements, the effect of divorce by mutual agreement, the capacity of Filipino spouses to remarry, and the need for clear guidance on documentary proof and applicable foreign laws. Further, the role of the Office of the Solicitor General and the logistical difficulties encountered by parties, including issues with documentation and appeals, are scrutinized. The paper concludes by advocating for the Supreme Court to promulgate a comprehensive circular that harmonizes procedure and requirements for foreign divorce recognition. Recommendations include clearer rules on initiation, streamlined documentation in light of international conventions, enhanced training for judges, judicial notice of updated foreign divorce laws, and measures to deter procedural delays and prevent injustice to Filipino litigants. Such reforms would not only ease docket congestion but also bring much-needed clarity and fairness to a sensitive and often fraught area of family law.
THE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPENSATION FOR MARINE POLLUTION BY PLASTIC WASTE IN INDONESIA
One of the environmental damages currently quite disturbing is the ecological damage caused by plastic waste. Plastic waste is difficult to decompose so that it can disrupt the ecosystem of the land and the sea. One of the impacts of plastic waste is on the health of marine animals, where some of these animals, such as turtles, eat debris or plastic fragments. As a country with a large sea area, Indonesia must ensure its marine environment is not polluted by plastic waste. One way to prevent environmental damage is through regulation, where in addition to prevention, we must also look at what sanctions can be applied to those who violate the law by dumping rubbish in the sea. These can be criminal sanctions, such as fines and imprisonment, and sanctions to pay compensation, especially if victims are harmed. This research uses a normative legal method to answer the problem of how the rules in Indonesia regulate compensation in the event of pollution due to plastic waste. The current regulations are sufficient, but implementing compensation payments for plastic waste victims is still challenging.
HARMONIZATION OF LAND REGULATIONS IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO (IKN) WITH NATIONAL REGULATIONS IN THE LAND SECTOR
The construction of the National Capital in Penajam Paser, Kalimantan, has entered 25% of its construction, but it turns out that there are still several problems arising from the construction of this new capital. The infrastructure has been built, and preparations for the capital relocation have been partially implemented. The new capital city is located in Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan, and Nusantara. One of the problems with the construction of this national capital is the land issue because some of it is state land, and some is citizen land or customary land. As is known, Penajam Paser is located in a forestry area that also includes coastal areas and mangrove forests, residential areas, and mining. There are 21 indigenous community groups recorded as inhabiting the IKN area. As an inseparable part of the IKN development project, the existence of indigenous communities is problematic. On the one hand, these indigenous communities must be part of the region's development. Socio-historically, they have a long history in their socio-cultural life, passed down from generation to generation. On the other hand, in practice, the existence of indigenous communities was not involved in the initial formulation. The problem arises from land regulations in the IKN, whether they refer to the rules that apply nationally or if there are special rules for the IKN. If there are special rules, how can these rules be harmonized?
THE BRICS ERA: INDONESIA’S PATH TO SUSTAINABLE TRADE LAW AND DEVELOPMENT
Indonesia’s decision to join BRICS signifies a major shift in its economic and geopolitical strategy, offering new trade opportunities, financial access, and diplomatic leverage among emerging economies. This study examines the benefits and challenges of Indonesia’s BRICS membership, focusing on trade relations, environmental sustainability, and labor rights. The research problem lies in how Indonesia can maximize BRICS advantages while mitigating economic and regulatory risks. Using a qualitative approach, this paper analyzes policy reports, trade data, and expert opinions to assess BRICS’s impact on Indonesia’s economy and governance. Results indicate that BRICS provides expanded market access and financing through the New Development Bank, yet challenges arise in balancing regional commitments, sustainable resource management, and labor protection. The study concludes that Indonesia must adopt a strategic approach by maintaining ASEAN and Western ties, fostering economic diversification, and implementing fair trade policies to optimize BRICS’ benefits while addressing potential drawbacks.
FINANCING ENERGY TRANSITION: THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF TAX EQUITY FINANCING IN THE U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPE AND ITS FUTURE OUTLOOK
Financing remains one of the biggest hurdles in the United States transition to renewable energy, especially as clean energy projects often carry higher upfront costs than fossil fuels. To close this gap, developers rely heavily on government incentives like the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and Production Tax Credit (PTC), often through tax equity financing structures. This paper explores how the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has reshaped the renewable energy financing landscape, expanding access to tax credits, introducing transferability, and allowing more flexible funding models. It focuses on how these changes are impacting common structures like the partnership flip and giving rise to new tools, such as tax credit transfer. The paper also looks ahead, considering how shifts in political leadership influence the future of these incentives, and what that means for investors, developers, and the broader clean energy market.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND CROSS-COUNTRY COLLABORATION ON DATA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Publications on data and artificial intelligence ethics have grown in importance as more international entities seek to adopt new rules and create international frameworks to manage the same. Concerns remain, however, regarding the fragmented legal landscape and the absence of a unified set of standards for big data and artificial intelligence technology. This study examines data and AI ethical publishing and citation patterns from 1996 to 2022 (26 years). It highlights the leading countries and institutions, prominent research streams, and cross-country collaboration. Bibliometric analysis has been used to extract data from Scopus database. patterns. A title search strategy using particular keywords search was used extracting a total of 331 records. The data was exported to VOS viewer software, Biblioshiny and Excel in order to generate a thorough scientific analysis. This study fills the gap by addressing the issue of international collaboration in data and AI ethics research, and cultural diversity perspectives in the realm of international studies. The findings revealed that 633 authors from 40 different countries have contributed to documents on data and AI ethics. This shows that only a few countries contributed to global research trends in data and AI ethics, indicating a dearth of different perspectives. Computer science and philosophy professors in Western colleges affect data and AI ethics discussions in technology and society journals. Oxford and Cambridge universities offer key viewpoints on the subject, while merely three main clusters of cross-country collaboration took place. This study highlighted the practical implication where emphasis is needed to increase international collaboration in data and AI ethics research to create a more inclusive and equitable global framework. The study serves as the foundation for increased collaboration, which may dispel negative stereotypes, develop social cohesion, promote tolerance, and foster improved decision-making and problem-solving.
PENETAPAN PERBATASAN LAUT ANTARA INDONESIA DAN TIMOR LESTE DIKAITKAN DENGAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
Negara Timor-Leste atau Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (RDTL) merupakan sebuah Negara kecil yang terletak di Utara benua Australia dan Timur Negara Republik Indonesia. Perbatasan dengan Indonesia menjadi salah satu masalah bagi Timor Leste karena ada beberapa perbatasan yang belum ditetapkan. Perjanjian perbatasan sangat penting, di mana sampai saat ini ada beberapa daerah terutama di laut Timor yang belum diselesaikan penetapan perbatasannya. Hal ini dapat berakibat terhadap perdagangan internasional yaitu barang dari luar yang akan masuk ke Timor Leste baik dari segi keamanannya maupun pengaturan hukumnya. Timor Leste telah menjadi Anggota WTO ke-165, sehingga menjadi langkah mendasar menuju liberalisasi perdagangan, integrasi ke dalam perekonomian global, dan memfasilitasi akses ke pasar internasional. Salah satu daerah yg belum jelas perbatasan lautnya adalah di Oecusse yaitu daerah Pulau Timor. Dengan tidak adanya perbatasan yang jelas, maka menjadi masalah terkait keamanan transportasi barang di daerah tersebut termasuk tidak adanya wewenang yang jelas dalam pengelolaan perbatasan Indonesia dengan Timor Leste. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode juridis normatif dengan mengkaji aturan atau perjanjian internasional seperti UNCLOS dan WTO. Dengan mengacu pada UNCLOS dan juga aturan yang ada dalam World Trade Organization (WTO), maka perdagangan internasional di Timor Leste tetap dapat dilakukan untuk kepentingan kedua negara yaitu dengan pengelolaan bersama di perbatasan laut Timor.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENERAPAN HUKUM INDONESIA TERKAIT DENGAN PENGGUNAAN ILUSTRASI DALAM DATABASE PROGRAM DENGAN BANTUAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence (AI) adalah hasil dari kemajuan teknologi baru. Salah satu implementasi AI adalah pembuatan gambar baru. Dalam pembuatan gambar tersebut, perusahaan pengelola AI membutuhkan gambar yang bersifat original untuk digunakan sebagai data untuk melatih AI agar bisa membuat gambar dengan sendirinya, melalui input yang diberikan oleh pengguna. Dalam melakukan pengumpulan gambar sebagai dari data pelatihan dilakukan Data Scrapping yang menggandakan gambar tanpa memandang hak cipta yang terkait dengannya. Belakangan ini terjadi banyak gugatan terhadap perusahaan pengelola pembuatan Gambar dengan bantuan AI atas dugaan terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta yang dilakukan perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut. Dugaan tersebut terjadi karena kemampuan AI untuk meniru gaya menggambar yang menjadi khas dari para seniman tersebut, yang berarti pada saat pelatihan AI, karya-karya sebelumnya milik para seniman tersebut diambil dan digandakan untuk digunakan dalam pelatihan AI. Hal tersebut menimbulkan permasalahan apakah praktik pembuatan seni grafis oleh AI merupakan pelanggaran hak cipta dikaji dari hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, penelitian ini menarik kesimpulan bahwa hal tersebut melanggar hak moral dan hak ekonomi dari para pencipta, karena penggunaan gambar yang menjadi hak cipta para seniman tanpa permintaan izin daripadanya, dan penggunaan hak cipta mereka untuk melakukan usaha yang menghasilkan uang.
Hak Cipta, Seni Grafis, Artificial Intelligence, Hukum Indonesia
KAJIAN HUKUM TERKAIT DAMPAK EKONOMI KEJAHATAN SKEMA PIRAMIDA
Skema Piramida merupakan salah satu sistem bisnis ilegal yang menimbulkan kerugian banyak orang. Di Indonesia dan di dunia, Skema Piramida ini sudah dilarang berjalan dan terdapat sanksi dalam menjalankan skema ini. Melihat skema yang dijalankan dalam Skema Piramida yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi investor (korban), permasalahan mulai muncul yaitu sehubungan dengan dampak terhadap perekonomian negara akibat kejahatan Skema Piramida. Sehingga tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana dampak perekonomian negara yang ditimbulkan akibat kejahatan Skema Piramida ini. Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif. Hasilnya, ternyata kejahatan Skema Piramida ini menimbulkan kerugian bagi perekonomian negara karena terhambatnya pertumbuhan negara. Dalam analisisnya, kerugian ekonomi dialami oleh negara Albania dan Romania. Dimana tingkat inflasi negara-negara tersebut terjadi akibat perputaran uang yang cepat, dan tingginya permintaan barang. Oleh karena itu, semakin banyak masyarakat yang berpartisipasi dalam skema ini, perekonomian akan semakin terhenti.
Skema Piramida, Ekonomi, Kerugian, Hukum
ANALISIS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN PERDATA MENGENAI KASUS DUGAAN MALPRAKTEK MEDIS BERDASARKAN TEORI HUKUM KESEHATAN (DAS SOLLEN - DAS SEIN)
Konsep penanganan dan penyelesaian kasus dugaan malpraktek medis menurut Hukum Kesehatan adalah bersifat Lex Spesialis, hal ini belum dipahami secara baik oleh masyarakat dan penegak hukum, sehingga proses penanganan dan penyelesaiannya menjadi rumit, menghabiskan waktu, pikiran, tenaga, dan biaya. Pada penelitian ini peneliti mencari jawaban mengenai, “Bagaimana seharusnya kasus dugaan malpraktek medis diselesaikan dan seperti apa putusan pengadilan perdata terkait kasus dugaan malpraktek medis selama ini?”. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan analisis kualitatif terhadap data putusan pengadilan perdata (dan putusan pengadilan pidana sebagai pembanding) dalam Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar putusan pengadilan yang diteliti adalah putusan pengadilan perdata yang mayoritas menggunakan pasal-pasal perbuatan melawan hukum (PMH) yang diselesaikan dengan penggantian kerugian. Hal ini selaras dengan konsep penyelesaian kasus dugaan malpraktek medis menurut Hukum Kesehatan, namun perbedaannya, dalam konsep Hukum Kesehatan, kasus dugaan malpraktek medis diselesaikan dengan “positives defences medical profession” (intern justice) tanpa melalui proses pengadilan. Kasus dugaan malpraktek medis yang sampai di tingkat Kasasi cukup banyak, dan Penggugat yang menggugat providers pelayanan kesehatan lebih banyak dirugikan atau dikalahkan.
KEWENANGAN HUKUM BPBD DALAM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DI JAKARTA
Banjir merupakan salah satu bencana yang sering terjadi di Jakarta dan menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif, baik dari segi sosial, ekonomi, maupun lingkungan. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas persoalan mengenai bagaimanakah kewenangan hukum Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD) Jakarta dalam penanggulangan bencana di Jakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang didasarkan pada data sekunder yang bersumber pada penelusuran kepustakaan sebagai data utama. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa BPBD sebagai lembaga pemerintah daerah memiliki peran sentral dalam mengkoordinasikan upaya penanggulangan bencana, mulai dari tahap pencegahan, penanganan darurat, hingga rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi pasca-bencana. Adapun peraturan yang menjadi dasar hukum kewenangan BPBD adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penanggulangan Bencana, serta peraturan daerah yang relevan. Melalui analisis ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan yang lebih mendalam tentang peran hukum dan kelembagaan dalam penanggulangan bencana di kota metropolitan seperti Jakarta.
IMPLIKASI ALGORITHMIC DECISION-MAKING (ADM) TERHADAP OTONOMI SUBYEK DATA DAN LEGALITASNYA DALAM PEMROSESAN BIG DATA
Penggunaan algorithmic decision making (ADM) dalam platform digital semakin lazim karena membawa kemudahan dan kemampuannya untuk pengambilan keputusan secara cepat. Contoh prominen penggunaan ADM adalah dalam bentuk pemrofilan (profiling). ADM merupakan suatu proses atas input data untuk menghasilkan suatu penilaian atau pilihan guna mengambil keputusan dan dicirikan oleh analisis atas data dalam jumlah besar dan otomasi untuk pengambilan keputusan dan eksekusinya. Namun demikian, penggunaan ADM dapat pula membatasi hak subyek data untuk membuat keputusan atas dirinya. Untuk mengkaji persoalan tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan studi pustaka atas data sekunder dan analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, penggunaan ADM dapat membatasi otonomi subyek data dan karenanya dapat dilakukan hanya dengan persetujuan subyek data. Kedua, dalam hal ADM dilakukan dalam pemrosesan big data, persetujuan subyek data tetap harus ada dan untuk itu perlu dibuat system pengelolaan persetujuan yang akuntabel
TINJAUAN YURIDIS INTEGRASI NIK MENJADI NPWP
Pajak merupakan salah satu sumber penerimaan negara yang digunakan oleh pemerintah dalam rangka membiayai kebutuhan negara. Menurut data pendapatan dari pajak hingga akhir Juli 2023 mencapai Rp. 1.109, 1 triliun atau 64,6 persen dari target APBN 2023. Capaian penerimaan ini tercatat tumbuh sebesar 7,8 persen secara tahunan. Melihat begitu pentingnya posisi pajak sebagai salah satu penerimaan negara banyak hal yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk menaikkan penerimaan dari pajak ini. Pada awal tahun 2023 Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) melakukan terobosan yang menjadikan Nomor Induk Kependudukan (NIK) sebagai Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) seperti tertuang dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1a) Undang-undang No 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Perpajakan dan PMK Nomor 112/PMK.03/2022 tentang NPWP, Bagi WP Orang Pribadi, WP Badan dan WP Instansi Pemerintah. Dalam proses integrasi ini ada beberapa pertanyaan mendasar , yaitu apakah semua yang memiliki NIK wajib membayar pajak, bagaimana terkait perlindungan data pribadi mengingat NIK sifatnya privasi dan apakah ada sanksi bagi WP yang tidak melakukan integrasi sampai batas waktu yang ditentukan. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah yuridis normatif. Tidak semua orang yang memiliki NIK secara otomatis menjadi wajib pajak. Begitu mereka memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektifnya barulah NIK-nya diaktivasi guna menjalankan kewajiban perpajakannya. Pemerintah dalam hal ini DJP sudah melakukan berbagai antisipasi terkait perlindungan data didukung juga dengan adanya UU PDP. Integrasi NIK menjadi NPWP menjadi hal yang harus dilakukan agar wajib pajak dapat menjalankan administrasi perpajakan dan memanfaatkan administrasi dari pihak lainnya.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN ATAS KETIDAKSESUAIAN INFORMASI DALAM PRAKTIK JUAL BELI TAS BRANDED BEKAS (PRELOVED)
berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi jarak jauh, namun seiring berjalannya waktu banyak inovasi baru yang dapat digunakan melalui Instagram salah satunya adalah untuk melakukan transaksi elektronik atau transaksi jual beli antara pelaku usaha, selain itu banyak pelaku usaha yang secara kreatif menggunakan Instagram sebagai sarana untuk menjual produk barang kepada para konsumen karena lebih mudah dijangkau. Tas branded bekas (preloved) merupakan produk barang yang banyak dicari oleh konsumen pada saat ini sehingga banyak pelaku usaha yang menjadikan ini peluang untuk membuka usaha, namun dengan adanya praktik jual beli tas branded bekas (preloved) melalui Instagram banyak menimbulkan kerugian bagi para konsumen dalam bentuk ketidaksesuaian informasi yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha kepada konsumen akan produk yang dijual melalui Instagram. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu yuridis normative untuk menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum dan upaya penyelesaian sengketa yang bisa diajukan oleh konsumen akibat ketidaksesuaian informasi dalam praktik jual beli tas branded bekas (preloved) melalui Instagram. Kerugian-kerugian yang timbul akibat ketidaksesuaian informasi dalam kegiatan jual beli tas branded bekas (preloved) melalui Instagram diantaranya kualitas barang / produk yang tidak sesuai dan dengan informasi yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha, informasi yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha khususnya identitas tidak lengkap dan mempengaruhi konsumen untuk mengajukan klaim ganti rugi, ketentuan dan syarat yang wajib dilakukan oleh konsumen terkait produk barang yang sudah sampai pada konsumen tidak diberikan di awal sebelum terjadinya transaksi sehingga mempersulit konsumen untuk membuktikan adanya kerugian yang ada.
IMPLEMENTASI KEPEMILIKAN PROPERTI BAGI ORANG ASING DI INDONESIA
Pemerintah Indonesia telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memulihkan perekonomian pasca pandemi COVID-19. Salah satu upayanya yaitu melalui peningkatan sektor wisata mancanegara serta peningkatan peluang bagi para investor asing untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia. Upaya tersebut dilakukan melalui pembentukan kebijakan yang memudahkan para Warga Negara Asing untuk datang dan tinggal di Indonesia selama 5 (lima) atau 10 (sepuluh) tahun tanpa kewajiban penjamin. Kemudahan tersebut mengakibatkan tingginya kebutuhan hunian bagi Warga Negara Asing yang tinggal di Indonesia. Tingginya kebutuhan tersebut membuka peluang perbuatan penyelundupan hukum berupa praktik perjanjian pinjam nama (nominee) yang sering dilakukan oleh Warga Negara Asing. Maka, tujuan dari penulisan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hak atas tanah bagi Warga Negara Asing serta bagaimana implementasi peraturan atas satuan rumah susun dan rumah tinggal bagi Warga Negara Asing. Metodologi dalam penulisan ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian yaitu pengaturan UUPA tidak memberikan semua jenis hak atas tanah kepada Warga Negara Asing. Adapun ketentuan UU Ciptaker yang mengatur pemberian hak milik atas satuan rumah susun dan pemberian hak pakai atas rumah tinggal bagi Warga Negara Asing dengan syarat dan batasan yang diatur secara tegas.
KONSEP MEDIASI PENAL PERKARA LAKA LANTAS DENGAN PELAKU ORANG DEWASA
Perkembangan penerapan hukum pidana pada pelaku tindak pidana saat ini berorientasi pada Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice) sebagai solusi dari terjadinya overcapacity Lapas. Kasus pidana yang dapat diterapkan Restorative Justice adalah kasus tertentu yang memenuhi syarat-syarat sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Permasalahan yang timbul dalam perkara kecelakaan lalu-lintas di Indonesia saat ini khususnya di kepolisian adalah ketidakselarasan antara aturan kepolisian dan Undang-Undang No. 22 tahun 2009 tentang Lalu-Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsekuensi yuridis mediasi penal dalam penyelesaian tindak pidana kecelakaan lalu-lintas dan menelaah pertanggungjawaban pidana kecelakaan lalu-lintas yang menyebabkan matinya orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normative, dengan pendekatan perundang-udangan, pendekatan konsep, dan pendekatan perbandingan. Pasal 235 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang No. 22 tentang Lalu-Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan bahwa kompensasi atau biaya pengobatan/pemakaman tidaklah menggugurkan tuntutan pidana, meski demikian dalam Undang-Undang No. 22 tentang Lalu-Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan masih dimungkinkan pada kecelakaan lalu-lintas yang menyebabkan luka ringan. Berdasarkan teori hukum pidana dan kebijakan hukum pidana dalam rangka pembaharuan dengan menggunakan konsep perbandingan bahwa penerapan mediasi penal sangat membantu dalam menyelesaikan penumpukan perkara di pengadilan dan tercapainya tujuan hukum pidana yang efektif dan efisien dengan mengedepankan kepentingan para pihak yang berperkara.
PEMALSUAN DOKUMEN NEGARA ASAL BARANG IMPOR DAN DAMPAKNYA PADA NEGARA PESERTA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ASEAN
Perdagangan internasional saat ini mendorong ke arah kebebasan perdagangan, terutama dalam perdagangan barang. Tujuan dari perdagangan bebas adalah untuk meminimalkan dan menghilangkan hambatan perdagangan. Tidak terkecuali, di wilayah perdagangan bebas ASEAN melalui kerja sama dengan negara-negara ASEAN dan luar ASEAN. Dalam perdagangan bebas, ada perjanjian khusus antara negara-negara untuk mendapatkan fasilitas kemudahan perdagangan seperti yang dibuktikan melalui dokumen asal. Namun, masih ada pihak yang menipu dokumen asal untuk mendapatkan bantuan perdagangan secara ilegal. ASEAN memiliki perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan India yang memberikan perlakuan khusus kepada India. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara anggota ASEAN juga terikat oleh perjanjian ini. Ketika impor barang dari negara lain tidak memiliki perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan ASEAN, mereka tidak memiliki hak istimewa. Masalahnya adalah bagaimana ada negara yang tidak terikat oleh perjanjian ini untuk menggunakan dokumen asal palsu yang mereka gunakan India sebagai negara asal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode normatif. Mengenai kriteria pengiriman ASEAN-India Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas, dan kriteria prosedur untuk mendapatkan tarif preferensial dan penyelesaian penipuan dokumen asal dapat diselesaikan melalui undang-undang dan peraturan terkait dan/atau melalui diplomasi, Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa WTO. Sebaiknya, dalam penegakan perjanjian perdagangan bebas, perlu untuk memberikan prioritas pada prinsip pacta teriis nec nocent nec prosunt dan pacta sunt servanda dan menghormati kebijakan negara tujuan sehubungan dengan pengaturan perdagangan gratis dan keberadaan kerja sama antara institusi yang terlibat dalam menangani penipuan dokumen asal keberadaan pengaturan khusus yang berkaitan dengan pencegahan dan mengambil tindakan terhadap penipu dokumen asal.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN HUKUM PPKM TERHADAP SURAT EDARAN GUBERNUR BALI NOMOR 35425 TAHUN 2022 DALAM RANGKA PRESIDENSI G20
Pemerintah Indonesia telah melakukan berbagai upaya terbaik dalam merancang sampai dengan menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan yang dianggap dapat menekan laju penyebaran Covid-19. Salah satu produk hukum yang saat ini kembali digencarkan Pemerintah adalah PPKM. Pemerintah berhasil mengendalikan pandemi Covid-19 melalui kebijakan PPKM yang sejak awal berorientasi sebagai pengendalian pada sektor kesehatan. Akan tetapi telah terjadi pergeseran dalam konteks ini, di mana Pemerintah telah mengubah makna akan esensi PPKM menjadi kebijakan untuk menyukseskan agenda kenegaraan. Hal ini secara nyata ditunjukkan melalui Surat Edaran Gubernur Bali Nomor 35425 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat Dalam Rangka Penyelenggaraan Presidensi G20 yang merupakan hasil koordinasi antara Pemerintah Pusat dengan Pemerintah Daerah Bali. Pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat dilakukan terhadap tiga wilayah di Provinsi Bali yang berdampak pada sektor pendidikan, perkantoran, upacara adat istiadat, sampai dengan keagamaan. Kegiatan yang awalnya dilangsungkan secara luring kini terpaksa kembali berjalan secara daring. Terlepas dari kebijakan tersebut, terdapat pro dan kontra di masyarakat. Timbul pertanyaan serta tanggapan atas kebijakan, seperti tepatkah kebijakan PPKM diterapkan atau cukup dilakukan sterilisasi wilayah khusus pada Venue G20 selama perhelatan berlangsung. Untuk meninjau lebih lanjut, penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode yuridis normatif melalui studi kepustakaan data sekunder berdasarkan analisis deskriptif melalui pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan yang bersifat kualitatif secara daring.