PERMODALAN, EFISIENSI, RISIKO KREDIT DAN LIKUIDITAS BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR) DI JAWA BARAT: APLIKASI REGRESI KUANTIL BOOTSTRAP
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/jak.v14i2.1614Keywords:
capital adecuacy ratio, return on assets, loan to deposit ratio, non-perfoming loanAbstract
This study investigated the internal factors of West Java the Rural Commercial Bank’s (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat) capital adequacy on yearly data of 64 BPRs from 2014 to 2018. The results reveal several main drivers of capital adequacy ratio BPR’s in West Java. Data was collected from secondary data and data analysis using quintile regression with a bootstrapping technique. We found that the ratio of operating expenses to operating income (BOPO) affects capital adequacy ratio negatively, meanwhile, return on assets (ROA) and loan to deposit ratio (LDR) affect capital adequacy ratio positively. The other result proved that the operating expenses to operating income (BOPO) have a negative effect on return on assets (ROA), meanwhile, the loan to deposit ratio (LDR) and current ratio (CR) has a positive effect on return on assets (ROA), respectively. It is recommended that empirical studies should be undertaken in the same field to find out what more internal factors could affect BPR’s capital adequacy
References
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López-Espinosa, G. M. (2011). Banks’ net interest margin in the 2000s: A macro-accounting international perspective. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30, 1214–1233.
Lotto, J. (2018, March). The Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Bank Capital Regulations on Operating Efficiency. International Journal of Financial Study, 1-11.
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Maudos, J., & Solís, L. (2009). The determinants of net interest income in the Mexican banking system: an integrated model. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33, 1920-1931.
Mendoza, R., & Riverajrivera, J. P. (2017). The Effect of Credit Risk and Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Rural Banks in the Philippines. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 64(1), 84-94.
Naceur, S. B., & Omran, M. (2011, March). The effects of bank regulations, competition, and financial reforms on banks' performance. Emerging Markets Review, 12(1), 1-20.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (7th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
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OJK-RI. (2015, Maret 31). Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 5 /POJK.03/2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyediaan Modal Minimum & Pemenuhan Modal Inti Minimum Bank Perkreditan Rakyattentang. Peraturan. Jakarta: OJK.
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Peria, M., Soledad, M., Mody, & Ashoka. (2004). How foreign participation and market concentratation impact bank spread: Evidence from Latin American. Policy Research Working Paper, 1. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Rooyen, C. v., Stewart, R., & Wet, T. (2012, November). The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. World Development, 40(11), 2249-2262.
Rose, P., & Hudgins, S. (2010). Bank Management & Financial Services (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schildbach, J. (2017, April 25). Large or small? How to measure bank size. Horses for courses. Frankfurt, Germany: Deutsche Bank Research.
Swamy, V. (2014, September). Modelling the Impact of New Capital Regulations on Bank Profitability. MPRA Paper No. 58298.
TENG, A. (2018, March 13). Banking leaders sound dire warning: Transform or die. Article. Singapore: Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/ banking-leaders-sound-dire-warning-transform-or-die
Thich, P. D. (2017). Determinants of Banks’ Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam. Review of Business and Economics Studies, 5(4), 37-45.
White, D. (2018, March 14). Can banks be a threat to big tech? Article. BBVA. Retrieved from https://www.bbva.com/en/can-banks-be-threat-big-tech/
Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (Sixth ed.). South-Western.
Yu, J. (2012, July). Bias in the estimation of the mean reversion parameter in continuous time models. Journal of Econometrics, 169(1), 114-122.
Zhou, K., & Wong, M. C. (2008). The Determinants of Net Interest Margins of Commercial Banks in Mainland China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 44(5), 41-53.
Aggarwal, C. C. (2017). Outlier Analysis (Second ed.). Springer International Publishing AG.
Ahn, H., & Le, M. H. (2014). An insight into the specification of the input-output set for DEA-based bank efficiency measurement. Management Review Quarterly, 4, 3-37.
Almazari, A. A. (2014). Impact of Internal Factors on Bank Profitability: Comparative Study between Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 4(1), 1-7.
Armendáriz, B., & Morduch, J. (2010). The Economic of Microfinance (Second ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometrics (4th ed.). Springer.
Banerjee, B., & Schipper, J. (2015). The Determinants of Bank Profitability in Slovenia,1999−2014. Journal for Money and Banking(15).
Bank Indonesia. (2020, Pebruari). Statistik Ekonomi Keuangan Daerah Jawa Barat . Regional Economic Financial Statistic. Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.
Barry, T. A., Lepetit, L., & Taraz, A. (2011). Ownership structure and risk in publiclyheld and privately owned banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35, 1327 - 1340.
Bateman, M. (2010). Why doesn't Microfinance work? The destructive rise of local neoliberalism. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Beck, T., & Hesse, H. (2009). Why are interest spreads so high in Uganda. Journal of Development Economics, 88, 192–204.
Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2004, December). Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10979, 1-46. Cambridge: National Bereau of Economic Research.
Borio, C., Gambacorta, L., & Hofmann, B. (2015, October). The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability. BIS Working Papers, 514, 1-37.
Brooks, C. (2014). Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Busch, R., & Memmel, C. (2015). Banks’ net interest margin and the level of interest rates. Discussion Paper(16/2015), 1-26. Deutsche Bundesbank.
Chan, C. W., & Lopez, V. (2014, July-Augustus). A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Risk Reduction for Coronary Disease among the Hong Kong Chinese. Public Health Nursing (PHN), 31(4), 327-335.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualititative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, & Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
Davino, C., Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2014). Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietrich, A., & Wanzenried, G. (2011). Determinants of bank profitability before and during the crisis: Evidence from Switzerland. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 21(3), 307-327.
Fitra, S. (2019, Mei 03). Jumlah Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Bakal Susut 40%. Berita Keuangan. KataData. Retrieved from https://katadata.co.id/berita/2019/05/03/jumlah-bank-perkreditan-rakyat-bakal-susut-40
Floquet, K., & Biekpe, N. (2008). The relationship between capital structure and risk in emerging market banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 3(1), 63-74.
Furno, M., & Vistocco. (2013). Qu Test for Structural Breaks in Quantile Regressions. International Journal of Statistics and Probability, 2(4), 42-55.
Genay, H., & Podjasek, R. (2014, July). What is the impact of a low interest rate environment? Essay on issues, 34. The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Gropp, R., & Heider, F. (2010). The determinants of bank capital structure. Review of Finance, 14, 587-622.
Guevara, J. F., & Maudos, J. (2011, March). Banking competition and economic growth: cross-country evidence. The European Journal of Finance, 17(8), 739-764.
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2010). Esential of Econometrics (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Hallock, K. F., Madalozzo, R., & Reck, C. G. (2010). CEO Pay-For-Performance Heterogeneity Using Quantile Regression. The Financial Review, 45, 1-19.
Hauner, D., & Peiris, S. (2005, December). Bank Efficiency and Competition in Low-Income Countries: The Case of Uganda. IMF Working Paper No. 05/240, 1-31.
Hou, X., Wang, Q., & Li, C. (2015). Role of off-balance sheet operations on bank scale economies: Evidence from China's banking sector. Emerging Markets Review, 22, 140-153.
ITU DATA. (2017). ICT Development Index 2017. IDI 2017 Rank. ITU Data. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/index.html
Kaufman, G. G. (2013, June). Too big to fail in banking:: What does it mean? . Paper Series, SPECIAL PAPER 222. LSE FINANCIAL MARKETS GROUP SPECIAL PAPER SERIES.
Kevin, A. (2018, Maret 29). cnbcindonesia.com. Retrieved Maret 6, 2019, from CNBC INDONESIA: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20180329163505-17-9072/bank-domestik-terlalu-serakah-keruk-nim
Khan, F., Anuar, M. A., Choo, L. G., & Khan, H. (2011). Determinants of Bank Profitability in Pakistan: A Case Study of Pakistani Banking Sector. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(10), 1484-1493.
King, M. R. (2010, November 1). Mapping Capital and Liquidity Requirements to Bank Lending Spreads. BIS Working Paper No. 324.
Koran Jakarta. (2018, May 23). http://www.koran-jakarta.com. Retrieved February 25, 2019, from http://www.koran-jakarta.com/marjin-bunga-bank-terlalu-tinggi/
Kovner, A., Vickery, J., & Zhou, L. (2015, March). Do big banks have lower operating costs? The Journal of Financial Perspectives, 3(1), 1-40.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2013). The Constructivist Credo. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, Inc.
López-Espinosa, G. M. (2011). Banks’ net interest margin in the 2000s: A macro-accounting international perspective. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30, 1214–1233.
Lotto, J. (2018, March). The Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Bank Capital Regulations on Operating Efficiency. International Journal of Financial Study, 1-11.
Mankiw, N. G. (2017). Principle of Microeconomics (Eight ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Maudos, J., & Solís, L. (2009). The determinants of net interest income in the Mexican banking system: an integrated model. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33, 1920-1931.
Mendoza, R., & Riverajrivera, J. P. (2017). The Effect of Credit Risk and Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Rural Banks in the Philippines. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 64(1), 84-94.
Naceur, S. B., & Omran, M. (2011, March). The effects of bank regulations, competition, and financial reforms on banks' performance. Emerging Markets Review, 12(1), 1-20.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (7th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
OJK. (2015). Kewajiban Pemenuhan Rasio Kecukupan Modal. Peraturan OJK NOMOR 42/POJK.03/2015. Jakarta, Indonesia: OJK.
OJK-RI. (2015, Maret 31). Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 5 /POJK.03/2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyediaan Modal Minimum & Pemenuhan Modal Inti Minimum Bank Perkreditan Rakyattentang. Peraturan. Jakarta: OJK.
OJK-RI. (2016, April 29). Surat Edaran Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No. 14/SEOJK.03/2016 tentang: Pembukaan Jaraingan Kantor Bank Umum Berdasarkan Modal Inti. Surat Edaran. Jakarta: OJK.
OJK-RI. (2017, Maret 17). Surat Edaran Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No 14/SEOJK.03/2017. Surat Edaran. Jakarta, Indonesia: OJK.
OJK-RI. (2018, Desember 27). Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No. 33 /POJK.03/2018 Tentang Kualitas Aset Produktif dan Pembentukan Penyisihan Penghapusan Aset Produktif Bank Perkreditan Rakyat. Peraturan. Jakarta: OJK.
Peria, M., Soledad, M., Mody, & Ashoka. (2004). How foreign participation and market concentratation impact bank spread: Evidence from Latin American. Policy Research Working Paper, 1. Washington, DC: World Bank.
PWC Indonesia. (2018). 2018 Indonesia Banking Survey: Technology shift in Indonesia is underway. Jakarta: PWC.
Robinson, M. S. (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for The Poor. Washington D.C., Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Robson, C., & McCartan, K. (2016). REAL WORLD RESEARCH: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings (Fourth ed.). Wiley.
Rooyen, C. v., Stewart, R., & Wet, T. (2012, November). The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. World Development, 40(11), 2249-2262.
Rose, P., & Hudgins, S. (2010). Bank Management & Financial Services (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schildbach, J. (2017, April 25). Large or small? How to measure bank size. Horses for courses. Frankfurt, Germany: Deutsche Bank Research.
Swamy, V. (2014, September). Modelling the Impact of New Capital Regulations on Bank Profitability. MPRA Paper No. 58298.
TENG, A. (2018, March 13). Banking leaders sound dire warning: Transform or die. Article. Singapore: Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/ banking-leaders-sound-dire-warning-transform-or-die
Thich, P. D. (2017). Determinants of Banks’ Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam. Review of Business and Economics Studies, 5(4), 37-45.
White, D. (2018, March 14). Can banks be a threat to big tech? Article. BBVA. Retrieved from https://www.bbva.com/en/can-banks-be-threat-big-tech/
Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (Sixth ed.). South-Western.
Yu, J. (2012, July). Bias in the estimation of the mean reversion parameter in continuous time models. Journal of Econometrics, 169(1), 114-122.
Zhou, K., & Wong, M. C. (2008). The Determinants of Net Interest Margins of Commercial Banks in Mainland China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 44(5), 41-53.
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Published
2021-01-08
How to Cite
Nurfauziah, F. L. (2021). PERMODALAN, EFISIENSI, RISIKO KREDIT DAN LIKUIDITAS BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR) DI JAWA BARAT: APLIKASI REGRESI KUANTIL BOOTSTRAP. Jurnal Akuntansi, 14(2), 102–131. https://doi.org/10.25170/jak.v14i2.1614
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