Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD): Tantangan saat ini
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/djm.v23i3.3973Keywords:
autoimun, neuromyelitis, NMOSDAbstract
Pendahuluan: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) merupakan kondisi autoimun yang ditandai dengan inflamasi pada nervus optikus, saraf spinal, dan sistem saraf pusat. Meskipun NMOSD memiliki angka prevalensi yang relatif rendah, prognosis visual penyakit ini cukup buruk dan laju relapsnya tinggi. Tinjauan pustaka ini diharapkan dapat mendorong pembaca untuk bisa mendiagnosis secara lebih dini untuk menentukan tatalaksana serangan akut dan mencegah serangan berikutnya sesuai dengan kompetensi kedokteran.
Metode: Artikel ini disusun berdasarkan kepustakaan yang diperoleh dari database Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ProQuest, menggunakan kata kunci “neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder” dari publikasi tahun 2012 sampai dengan tahun 2022.
Hasil: Penyebab NMOSD hingga saat ini masih tidak diketahui dengan pasti, namun diduga disebabkan oleh kondisi sistem imun humoral di dalam tubuh menyerang astrosit. Kriteria diagnosis NMOSD didasarkan pada konsensus yang dikeluarkan oleh International Panel for Neuromyelitis Optica Diagnosis. Myelitis akut, neuritis optik yang berat, muntah dan cegukan berulang merupakan gejala khas pada NMOSD. Lesi myelitis transversal ekstensif longitudinal merupakan penemuan khas pada magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tatalaksana NMOSD pada fase akut berupa kortikosteroid dosis tinggi, sedangkan pada fase pemeliharaan berupa imunosupresan. Kejadian relaps ditemukan pada 90% pasien dan komplikasi yang terjadi dapat berupa disabilitas visual, disabilitas motorik, hingga kematian.
Simpulan: Diagnosis NMOSD ditegakkan berdasarkan penemuan klinis, pencitraan, dan laboratorium. Tatalaksana yang tepat dan adekuat berguna untuk mencegah disabilitas dan morbiditas di kemudian hari.
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