Grammar consciousness-raising: Research, theory, and application
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/ijelt.v2i2.1604Keywords:
consciousness-raising, Grammar Translation MethodAbstract
This article reviews a number of studies that proved the efficacy of consciousness-raising (C-R), showing at the same time the inherent flaws that these studies suffer. It then proceeds to discuss the theoretical assumptions underpinning C-R, the application and the intended outcomes of C-R. In doing this, teachers can obtain a comprehensive picture of C-R, and in particular understand its typical characteristics that differentiate it from the traditional teaching method such as the Grammar Translation. Implications from C-R studies for language teaching are also discussed.
References
Ellis, R. 1990. Instructed second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers Ltd.
Ellis, R.1991. Grammaticality judgments and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 161-186.
Ellis, R.1994. The Study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R.1997. SLA Research and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 2002. Grammar teaching – practice or consciousness-raising? In J. C. Richard & W. A. Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in language teaching (pp. 167-174). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. 2003. Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 2006. Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40, 83-107.
Fotos, S. & Ellis, R. 1991. Communicating about grammar: A task-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 605-628.
Fotos, S. 1993. Consciousness raising and noticing through focus on form: Grammar task performance versus formal instruction. Applied Linguistics, 14, 385-407.
Hulstinj, J. 2002. Towards a unified account of the representation, processing, and acquisition of second-language knowledge. Second Language Research, 18, 193-223.
Krashen, S.1981. Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Luciana & Sugiharto, S. 2005. The acquisition of grammatical competence: a case study. Paper presented at 3rd ASEAN Linguistic conference November 28-30 November, Jakarta.
Mohamed, N. 2004. Consciousness-raising tasks: A learner perspective. ELT Journal, 58, 228-237.
Rutherford, W. 1987. Second language grammar: Learning and leaching. London: Longman.
Rutherford, W. E., & Sharwood-Smith, M. 1985. Consciousness-raising and
universal grammar. Applied Linguistics, 6, 274-282.
Sugiharto, S. 2006. Consciousness-raising and the acquisition of the simple present tense rule. Paper presented at the sixth Malaysia International Conference on English Language Teaching (MICELT), Equatorial Hotel, Melaka, Malaysia, May 8-10.
Sharwood-Smith, M. (1981). Consciousness-raising and second language learner. Applied Linguistics, 2, 159-169.
Sharwood-Smith, M. (1994). Second language learning: Theoretical foundations. New York: Longman.
Sheen, R. (1992). Problem solving brought to task. RELC Journal, 23, 44-59.
Yip, V. (1994). Grammatical consciousness-raising and learnability. In T. Odlin (Ed.), Perspective on pedagogical grammar (pp.123-139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zobl, H. (1995). Converging evidence for the “Acquisition-learning” distinction. Applied Linguistics, 16, 35-56.
Publishers Ltd.
Ellis, R.1991. Grammaticality judgments and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 161-186.
Ellis, R.1994. The Study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R.1997. SLA Research and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 2002. Grammar teaching – practice or consciousness-raising? In J. C. Richard & W. A. Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in language teaching (pp. 167-174). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. 2003. Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 2006. Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40, 83-107.
Fotos, S. & Ellis, R. 1991. Communicating about grammar: A task-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 605-628.
Fotos, S. 1993. Consciousness raising and noticing through focus on form: Grammar task performance versus formal instruction. Applied Linguistics, 14, 385-407.
Hulstinj, J. 2002. Towards a unified account of the representation, processing, and acquisition of second-language knowledge. Second Language Research, 18, 193-223.
Krashen, S.1981. Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Luciana & Sugiharto, S. 2005. The acquisition of grammatical competence: a case study. Paper presented at 3rd ASEAN Linguistic conference November 28-30 November, Jakarta.
Mohamed, N. 2004. Consciousness-raising tasks: A learner perspective. ELT Journal, 58, 228-237.
Rutherford, W. 1987. Second language grammar: Learning and leaching. London: Longman.
Rutherford, W. E., & Sharwood-Smith, M. 1985. Consciousness-raising and
universal grammar. Applied Linguistics, 6, 274-282.
Sugiharto, S. 2006. Consciousness-raising and the acquisition of the simple present tense rule. Paper presented at the sixth Malaysia International Conference on English Language Teaching (MICELT), Equatorial Hotel, Melaka, Malaysia, May 8-10.
Sharwood-Smith, M. (1981). Consciousness-raising and second language learner. Applied Linguistics, 2, 159-169.
Sharwood-Smith, M. (1994). Second language learning: Theoretical foundations. New York: Longman.
Sheen, R. (1992). Problem solving brought to task. RELC Journal, 23, 44-59.
Yip, V. (1994). Grammatical consciousness-raising and learnability. In T. Odlin (Ed.), Perspective on pedagogical grammar (pp.123-139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zobl, H. (1995). Converging evidence for the “Acquisition-learning” distinction. Applied Linguistics, 16, 35-56.
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2006-10-31
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