PACIFIC SOLUTION POLICY: MENGGUGAT TANGGUNG JAWAB AUSTRALIA DALAM PENANGANAN PENGUNGSI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v5i01.1648Kata Kunci:
Pacific Solution Policy, Australian Responsibility, Refugee.Abstrak
As one of the countries which is ratifying the 1951 Refugeee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, Australia has an obligation to protect refugees and guarantee their rights as stated in the provisions. With the issuance of the Pacific Solution Policy by the Australian Government to restrict refugees who come to Australia, Australia has reneged on international treaties on the protection of refugees that have been ratified. Based on the results of normative juridical research which is used in this paper, it can be seen that the state sovereignty principle which is used as the legal basis for implementing the policy cannot necessarily erase the obligations that have been imposed on it, especially with the development of the current understanding of the state sovereignty principle that links human rights protection. In addition, the attachment to international agreements that have been agreed based on the principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda becomes the basis for strengthening legitimacy that the Australian Government can be held responsibility in connection with the implementation of the Pacific Solution Policy in the handling of refugees in Australia.
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Phillips, James, et. al., “Migration to Australia Since Federation: A Guide to the Statistics”. Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 2010.
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Phillips, Janet, “Asylum seekers and refugees: what are the facts?”, Research Paper, Parliamentary Library, 2014.
Philpott, Daniel, “Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History”, Journal of International Affairs Vol. 48, No. 2. 1995.
Prime Facts; Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Australia’s Refugee Policy. http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/81-Refugees.pdf. diakses pada 2 Januari 2020.
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Spinks, Harriet, “Destination anywhere? Factors affecting asylum seekers’ choice of destination country”, Research Paper No. 1, Parliamentary Library, 2012.
Stacy, Helen, “Relational Sovereignty”, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 55, 2003.
Taylor, Savitri, “The Pacific Solution or a Pacific Nightmare? The Difference Between Burden Shifting and Responsibility Sharing”, Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 1. 2005.
Triatmodjo, Marsudi, “Pertanggungjawaban Negara Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan Internasional”, Mimbar Hukum, No. 33/X/99, Fakultas Hukum UGM, Yogyakarta, 1999.
UNCHR The UN Refugee Agency, https://www.unhcr.org/protection.html, di akses pada 10 Mei 2019.
UNHCR Protection Training Manual for European Border and Entry Officials. Session 3 Manual, “Understanding the Refugee Definition”, https://www.unhcr.org/4d944c319.pdf, di akses pada 9 Mei 2019.
UNHCR, “Refugee Protection and Human Trafficking Selected Legal Reference Materials”, Protection Policy and Legal Advice Section (PPLAS) Division of International Protection Services (DIPS), First Edition, 2008.
USA for UNHCR, “What is a Refugee?”, https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/. di akses pada 7 Mei 2019.
Weber, Eberhard, “The Pacific Solution – A Catastrophe for the Pacific!?”. University of the South Pacific, Environment and Ecology Research 3(4): 96-107, 2015.
Weber, Eberhard, “The Pacific Solution – A Catastrophe for the Pacific!?”. University of the South Pacific, Environment and Ecology Research 3(4): 96-107, 2015.
Anonymous, “Australia's Obligations under the Refugee Convention”, The University of Melbourne, https://unimelb.libguides.com/refugee_law/australia, di akses pada 18 Juli 2019.
Anonymous, “Perlindungan Pengungsi (Refugee) Menurut Hukum Internasional”, Pusat Dokumentasi ELSAM, https://referensi.elsam.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Perlindungan-Pengungsi-Refugee-Menurut-Hukum-Internasional.pdf., di akses pada 29 Januari 2020.
Anonymous, “Why is the Manus detention centre being closed?”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/manus-detention-centre-closed-171024212852806.html, 29 Oktober 2017di akses pada 30 Juni 2019.
Anonymous. “The Concept of Sovereignty in International Law and Relations”. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/18737/7/07_chapter%201.pdf, di akses pada 30 Juni 2019.
Australian Human Rights Comission, “Australia's Human Rights Obligations”, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/4-australias-human-rights-obligations#endnote8, di akses pada 18 Juli 2019.
Beaulac, Stéphane, “The Social Power of Bodin’s ‘Sovereignty’ and International Law”. Melbourne Journal of International Law. Vol 4, 2003.
Bem, Kazimierz, et. al., “A Price Too High: the Cost of Australia’s Approach to Asylum Seekers”, A Just Australia – Joint Research, Agustus 2007.
Birrell, Robert, Dynamic of Multiculturalism in Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/birrell_1.pdf, diakses 2 Januari 2020.
Crawford, James, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (8th Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Dixon, Martin, International Law, Blackstone Press Limited, London, 1996.
Engedahl, Marthe, Tesis, Providing ‘International Protection’ to Refugees: UNHCR’s Mandate Lost in Interpretation? Norwegia: University of Bergen.
Feller, Erika, et. al., Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Fitzmaurice, Peter, “Anniversary of the Forgotten Convention: The 1933 Refugee Convention and the Search For Protection Between the World Wars”, Press Release Legal Aid Board, https://www.legalaidboard.ie/en/about-the-board/press-publications/newsletters/anniversary-of-the-forgotten-convention-the-1933-refugee-convention-and-the-search-for-protection-between-the-world-wars.html, di akses pada 9 Mei 2019.
General Assembly, Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in accordance with the Charter ofthe United Nations, GA Res. 2625 (XXV), UN GAOR, Supp. No. (28), UN Doc. A/8028 (1970).
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., Article 31 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: Non-penalization, Detention and Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, “No Safe Refuge: The Impact of the September 11 Attacks on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants in the Afghanistan Region and Worldwide”, 18 Oktober 2001.
Jaeger, Gilbert, “On the History of the International Protection of Refugees”, International Committee of the Red Cross, Vol. 83. Issue 843, September 2001.
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. diakses pada 9 Mei 2019 pukul 23.35.
Krasner, Stephen D., Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
M.M. Wallace, Rebecca, International Law, 2nd Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, 1992.
Mathew, Penelope, “Sovereignty and the Right to Seek Asylum: The Case of Cambodian Asylum-Seekers in Australia”, Australian Yearbook of International Law, 1994.
McKay, Fiona, et. al., “It Would be Okay If They Came through the Proper Channels: Community Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Asylum Seekers in Australia”, Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 25, No. 1. 2011.
McKay, Fiona, Samantha L. Thomas and Susan Kneebone, “It Would be Okay If They Came through the Proper Channels: Community Perceptions and Attitudes toward Asylum Seekers in Australia” Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011.
Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2001, Parliament of Australia, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0102/02bd070, di akses pada 28 Juni 2019.
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 1933.
Nicholson, Frances & Kumin, Judith, “A guide to International Refugee Protection and Building State Asylum Systems”, UNHCR. Handbook for Parliamentarians No. 27, 2017.
Norwegian Refugee Council, “The Obligations of States Towards Refugees Under International Law: Some Reflections on the Situation in Lebanon”, https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/obligations-of-state.pdf, Juni 2016, di akses pada 13 Mei 2019.
Opeskin, Brian & Ghezelbash, Daniel, “Australian Refugee Policy and Its Impact on Pacific Island Countries” The Journal of Pacific Studies, Vol. 26 Issue 1, 2016.
Opeskin, Brian Ghezelbash & Daniel, “Australian Refugee Policy and its Impacts on Pacific Island Countries”, The Journal of Pacific Studies, Volume 36 Issue 1, 2016.
Phillips, James, et. al., “Migration to Australia Since Federation: A Guide to the Statistics”. Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 2010.
Phillips, Janet and Millbank, Adrienne, “Protecting Australia’s Borders”, Research Note No. 22, Parliamentary Library, 24 November 2003.
Phillips, Janet, “A Comparison of Coalition and Labor Government Asylum Policies in Australia Since 2001”, Parliament of Australia. Department of Parliament Services. Research Paper Series 2016-2017, 2017.
Phillips, Janet, “Asylum seekers and refugees: what are the facts?”, Research Paper, Parliamentary Library, 2014.
Philpott, Daniel, “Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History”, Journal of International Affairs Vol. 48, No. 2. 1995.
Prime Facts; Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Australia’s Refugee Policy. http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/81-Refugees.pdf. diakses pada 2 Januari 2020.
Puspita, Natalia Yeti ,“Tanggung Jawab negara untuk Menerima Bantuan Kemanusiaan Saat Tanggap Darurat Bencana Alam”, Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Jilid 44 Nomor 2, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro: Semarang, 2015.
Refugee Convention 1951.
Remeikis, Amy & Doherty, Ben, “Dutton Says Australia Won't 'Surrender Our Sovereignty' By Signing UN Migration Deal”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/25/dutton-says-australia-wont-surrender-our-sovereignty-by-signing-un-migration-deal, di akses pada 18 Juli 2019.
Spinks, Harriet, “Destination anywhere? Factors affecting asylum seekers’ choice of destination country”, Research Paper No. 1, Parliamentary Library, 2012.
Stacy, Helen, “Relational Sovereignty”, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 55, 2003.
Taylor, Savitri, “The Pacific Solution or a Pacific Nightmare? The Difference Between Burden Shifting and Responsibility Sharing”, Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 1. 2005.
Triatmodjo, Marsudi, “Pertanggungjawaban Negara Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan Internasional”, Mimbar Hukum, No. 33/X/99, Fakultas Hukum UGM, Yogyakarta, 1999.
UNCHR The UN Refugee Agency, https://www.unhcr.org/protection.html, di akses pada 10 Mei 2019.
UNHCR Protection Training Manual for European Border and Entry Officials. Session 3 Manual, “Understanding the Refugee Definition”, https://www.unhcr.org/4d944c319.pdf, di akses pada 9 Mei 2019.
UNHCR, “Refugee Protection and Human Trafficking Selected Legal Reference Materials”, Protection Policy and Legal Advice Section (PPLAS) Division of International Protection Services (DIPS), First Edition, 2008.
USA for UNHCR, “What is a Refugee?”, https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/. di akses pada 7 Mei 2019.
Weber, Eberhard, “The Pacific Solution – A Catastrophe for the Pacific!?”. University of the South Pacific, Environment and Ecology Research 3(4): 96-107, 2015.
Weber, Eberhard, “The Pacific Solution – A Catastrophe for the Pacific!?”. University of the South Pacific, Environment and Ecology Research 3(4): 96-107, 2015.
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