SENGKETA EUROPEAN UNION DAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA PASAL 26 RED II DAN WTO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v5i01.2181Kata Kunci:
Pasal 26 RED II, WTO, Indonesia, Uni EropaAbstrak
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apakah Pasal 26 RED II Uni Eropa yang memicu kontroversi dari Indonesia konsisten dengan Perjanjian WTO yang telah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia dan Uni Eropa pada tahun 1995. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk melihat tindakan apa saja yang dapat diambil Indonesia. sebagai negara anggota WTO berdasarkan Perjanjian WTO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 26 RED II tidak sesuai dengan beberapa ketentuan dalam Perjanjian WTO, yaitu Pasal III GATT 1994, Pasal XI GATT 1994, dan Pasal XX GATT 1994. Sebagai anggota WTO, Indonesia di bawah Dispute Settlement Understanding of WTO dapat mengajukan pengaduan ke Dispute Settlement Body of WTO. Dalam hal Uni Eropa menolak untuk melaksanakan rekomendasi dari DSB, Indonesia dapat mengambil tindakan pembalasan.
Referensi
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Suherman, Ade Maman. 2015. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional: Lembaga Penyelesaian Sengketa WTO dan Negara Berkembang. (Cetakan ke-2) Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Hasil Penelitian:
Szabo, Daniel Gergely. 2010. “Compatibility of the EU biofuel sustainability criteria with WTO law: Analysis of the Renewable Energy Directive and the EU biofuel sustainability criteria from a WTO law perspective.” Master Thesis, Aarhus University.
Website:
Appleton, Arthur E. 2009. “Suspension of Concessions in the Services Sector: Legal, Technical and Economic Problems.” ICTSD Dispute Settlement and Legal Aspects of International Trade, no. 7, Maret, https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/downloads/2012/02/suspension_of_concessions_in_the_services_sector.pdf.
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Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1194/2013 of 19 November 2013 on imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and collecting definitively the provisional duty imposed on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:315:0002:0026:EN:PDF.
Directive (EU) 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028.
Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 on laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (codification), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015L1535&rid=10
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Index Mundi. “European Union (EU-27) Palm Oil Domestic Consumption by Year,” https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=eu&commodity=palm-oil&graph=domestic-consumption, diakses pada 20 November 2019.
IPC dan Renewable Energy and International Law. 2006. “WTO Disciplines and Biofuels: Opportunity and Constraints in the Creation of a Global Marketplace.” IPC Discussion Paper, October, http://www.agritrade.org/Publications/DiscussionPapers/WTO_Disciplines_Biofuels.pdf.
Komisi Eropa. 2013. EU To Impose Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Biodiesel from Argentina and Indonesia, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1140_en.htm.
Komite Industri, Riset dan Energi Parlemen Eropa. “Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parlement and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast).” Dokumen Komite Industri, Riset dan Energi Parlemen Eropa PE 597.755v02-00 Nomor A8-0392/2017, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/search-in-documents.html#sidesForm.
Laporan Working Party tentang Border Tax Adjustments (L/3464) tanggal 20 November 1970, https://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90840088.pdf.
Mitchell, Andew D. dan Christopher Tran. 2009. “The Consistency of the EU Renewable Energy Directive with the WTO Agreements.” Georgetown Business, Economics & Regulatory Law Research Paper No. 1485549, Oktober, https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/fwps_papers/119/.
Para kontributor Wikipedia. “Official Journal of the European Union.” Wikipedia, Ensiklopedia Bebas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union, diakses pada 19 Mei 2019.
Para kontributor Wikipedia. “Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.” Wikipedia, Ensiklopedia Bebas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union, diakses pada 19 Mei 2019.
Parlemen Eropa. “About Parliament: Legislative powers,” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/powers-and-procedures/legislative-powers, diakses pada 14 Mei 2019.
Rutz, Dominic dan Rainer Jansen. 2008. Biofuel Technology Handbook. (versi ke-2) Munchen: WIP Renewable Energies, https://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/onlinerz/resources/Biofuel_Technology_Handbook_version2_D5.pdf.
The Official European Parliament Resolution of 4th April 2017 on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforests (2016/2222(INI)). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017IP0098&rid=7.
Transport and Environment. “Almost two-thirds of palm oil consumed in the EU is burned as energy – new data,” https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/almost-two-thirds-palm-oil-consumed-eu-burned-energy-new-data, diakses pada 20 November 2019.
World Trade Organization. “Trade Topics: European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia,” https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds480_e.htm, diakses pada 8 Mei 2019.
WT/DS2/R (Laporan Panel). United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm.
WT/DS332/R (Laporan Panel). Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tires, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds332_e.htm.
WT/DS480/1 (Permintaan Konsultasi). European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds480_e.htm.
WT/DS8, 10, 11/ABR (Laporan Lembaga Banding WTO). Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009- DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=32900&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=0&FullTextSearch.
Suherman, Ade Maman. 2015. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional: Lembaga Penyelesaian Sengketa WTO dan Negara Berkembang. (Cetakan ke-2) Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Hasil Penelitian:
Szabo, Daniel Gergely. 2010. “Compatibility of the EU biofuel sustainability criteria with WTO law: Analysis of the Renewable Energy Directive and the EU biofuel sustainability criteria from a WTO law perspective.” Master Thesis, Aarhus University.
Website:
Appleton, Arthur E. 2009. “Suspension of Concessions in the Services Sector: Legal, Technical and Economic Problems.” ICTSD Dispute Settlement and Legal Aspects of International Trade, no. 7, Maret, https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/downloads/2012/02/suspension_of_concessions_in_the_services_sector.pdf.
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) of 13 March 2019 on supplementing Directive (EU) 2018/2001 as regards the determination of high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock for which a significant expansion of the production area into land with high carbon stock is observed and the certification of low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels, bioliquids, and biomass fuels, https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/initiatives/ares-2019-762855_en.
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1194/2013 of 19 November 2013 on imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and collecting definitively the provisional duty imposed on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:315:0002:0026:EN:PDF.
Directive (EU) 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028.
Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 on laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (codification), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015L1535&rid=10
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0082.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:328:TOC.
Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia. “Mitos 2-02: Perkebunan kelapa sawit dunia lebih luas dari perkebunan minyak nabati lainnya,” https://gapki.id/news/4017/mitos-2-02-perkebunan-kelapa-sawit-dunia-lebih-luas-dari-perkebunan-minyak-nabati-lainnya, diakses pada 20 November 2019.
G/TBT/W/565 (Pernyataan Indonesia). European Union – Amendments to the Directive 2009/28/EC, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?FullTextHash=1&MetaCollection=WTO&SymbolList=%22G/TBT/W/565%22+OR+%22G/TBT/W/565*%22.
Index Mundi. “European Union (EU-27) Palm Oil Domestic Consumption by Year,” https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=eu&commodity=palm-oil&graph=domestic-consumption, diakses pada 20 November 2019.
IPC dan Renewable Energy and International Law. 2006. “WTO Disciplines and Biofuels: Opportunity and Constraints in the Creation of a Global Marketplace.” IPC Discussion Paper, October, http://www.agritrade.org/Publications/DiscussionPapers/WTO_Disciplines_Biofuels.pdf.
Komisi Eropa. 2013. EU To Impose Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Biodiesel from Argentina and Indonesia, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1140_en.htm.
Komite Industri, Riset dan Energi Parlemen Eropa. “Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parlement and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast).” Dokumen Komite Industri, Riset dan Energi Parlemen Eropa PE 597.755v02-00 Nomor A8-0392/2017, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/search-in-documents.html#sidesForm.
Laporan Working Party tentang Border Tax Adjustments (L/3464) tanggal 20 November 1970, https://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90840088.pdf.
Mitchell, Andew D. dan Christopher Tran. 2009. “The Consistency of the EU Renewable Energy Directive with the WTO Agreements.” Georgetown Business, Economics & Regulatory Law Research Paper No. 1485549, Oktober, https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/fwps_papers/119/.
Para kontributor Wikipedia. “Official Journal of the European Union.” Wikipedia, Ensiklopedia Bebas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union, diakses pada 19 Mei 2019.
Para kontributor Wikipedia. “Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.” Wikipedia, Ensiklopedia Bebas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union, diakses pada 19 Mei 2019.
Parlemen Eropa. “About Parliament: Legislative powers,” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/powers-and-procedures/legislative-powers, diakses pada 14 Mei 2019.
Rutz, Dominic dan Rainer Jansen. 2008. Biofuel Technology Handbook. (versi ke-2) Munchen: WIP Renewable Energies, https://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/onlinerz/resources/Biofuel_Technology_Handbook_version2_D5.pdf.
The Official European Parliament Resolution of 4th April 2017 on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforests (2016/2222(INI)). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017IP0098&rid=7.
Transport and Environment. “Almost two-thirds of palm oil consumed in the EU is burned as energy – new data,” https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/almost-two-thirds-palm-oil-consumed-eu-burned-energy-new-data, diakses pada 20 November 2019.
World Trade Organization. “Trade Topics: European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia,” https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds480_e.htm, diakses pada 8 Mei 2019.
WT/DS2/R (Laporan Panel). United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm.
WT/DS332/R (Laporan Panel). Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tires, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds332_e.htm.
WT/DS480/1 (Permintaan Konsultasi). European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds480_e.htm.
WT/DS8, 10, 11/ABR (Laporan Lembaga Banding WTO). Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009- DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=32900&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=0&FullTextSearch.
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