INTERVENSI KEADILAN DAN ENGAGEMENT TERHADAP KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL KARYAWAN PERUSAHAAN DI JABODETABEK
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/jm.v16i1.792Keywords:
transformational leadership, organizational justice, employee engagement, organizational commitmentAbstract
This research aims is to investigate the effects of transformational leadership, organizational justice, employee engagement toward organizational commitment. The background of this research based on the Gallup’s survey 2017 which reported that Indonesian’s employees who were engaged to their job and companies at the low level of 15% compare to four Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia 17%, Singapore 23%, Thailand 23%, and Philippines 36%. In response, to chase this lagging behind is required to conduct empirical studies to find the predictors that have significant effect toward employee engagement particularly in the Indonesian context.
Due to the population is too broad hence this research is limited by area of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tanggerang and Bekasi (JABODETABEK). The data was collected by questionnaire method through online survey with snowball sampling technique. The survey was responded by 188 repondents from various industries and position levels, which then selected only 128 respondents who qualified for this research are non-Board of Director and working in JABODETABEK area.
This research apply path analysis technique and the data was processed using macro process SPSS by Andrew F. Hayes which aims to investigate the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent through the mediators. The finding is transformational leadership has the indirect effect on organizational commitment through organizational justice and employee engagement, both alone or in serial, and organizational justice found has the strongest mediation effect on non-serial mediation.
References
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Albrecht, S. L., & Andreetta, M (2010). The Influence of Empowering Leadership, Empowerment and Engagement on Affective Commitment and Turnover Intentions in Community Health Service Workers. Leadership in Health Services, Vol. 24 (3), 228-237.
Allen, N.J., & J.P., Meyer. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to The Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Alvi, A.K., & Abbasi, A.S. (2012). Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Engagement in Banking Sector of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12 (5), 643-649.
Andrew, F.H. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (2nd Edition). New York London: The Guilford Press.
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O., & Weber, T.J. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60 (1), 421-449.
Bacha, E., & Walker, S. (2013). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Followers Perception of Fairness. J Bus Ethics, 116, 667-680.
Bakker, A.B., & Leiter, M.P. (2010). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Barrick, M.R., Thurgood G.R., Smith T.A., & Courtright S.H. (2015). Collective Organizational Engagement: Linking Motivational Antecedents, Strategic Implementation, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58 (1), 111-135.
Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1995). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (form 5x-short). Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
Baumruk, R. (2004). The Missing Link: The Role of Employee Engagement in Business Success. Workspan, 47, 48-52.
Bies, R.J., & Moag, J.S. (1986). Interactional Justice: Communication Criteria of Fairness. In Lewicki R.J., Sheppard B.H. & Bazerman M.H. Research on Negotiations in Organizations, Vol.1, 43-55. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Bies, R.J., & Shapiro, D.L. (1987). Interactional Fairness Judgements: The Influence of Causal Accounts. Social Justice Research, 1(2).
Bies, R.J., & Shapiro, D.L. (1988). Voice and Justification: Their Influence on Procedural Fairness Judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 31.
Buckingham, M., & Coffman, C. (1999). First, Break All The Rules: What The World’s Greatest Manager do Differently. New York, NY: Simon and Shuster.
Chai, D.S., Hwang, S.J., & Joo., G.K. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment in Teams: The Mediating Roles of Shared Vision and Team-Goal Commitment. International Society for Performance Improvement Quartely, 30 (2), 137-158.
Cindy Wu, & Xiang Yi. (2007). Transformational Leadership, Cohesion Perception, and Employee Cynicism about Organizational Change; The Mediating Role of Justice Perceptions. The Journal of Apllied Behaviour Science, Vol. 43 (3), 327-351.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P.E. (2001). The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321.
Colquitt, J.A. (2001). On The Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of A Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 386-400.
Crow, M.M., & Lee, C.B. (2011). Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment Among South Korean Police Officers. International Journal of police Strategies & Management, Vol. 35 (2), 402-423.
Ferdinand, A. (2002). Structural Equation Modelling dalam Penelitian Manajemen. Semarang: BP UNDIP.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistic Using SPSS (3rd Edition). Singapore: Sage Publications.
Frank, F.D., Finnegan, R.P., & Taylor, C.R. (2004). The Race for Talent: Retaining and Engaging Workers in The 21st Century. Human Resource Planning, Vol. 27 (3), 12-25.
Gallup. (2013). State of the American Workforce. Management Journal. Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Gallup (2013). State of the Global Workplace Report: Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Gallup (2017). State of the Global Workplace Report. Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Ghadi, M.Y., Fernando, M., & Caputi, P. (2012).. Transformational Leadership and Work Engagement: The Mediating Effect of Meaning in Work Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 34 (6), 532-550.
Gliem, J.A., & Gliem, R.R. (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scale. Midwest Research to Practice Conference 2003.
Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16 (2), 399-432.
Hallberg, U.E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2006). Same Same But Different? Can Work Engagement be Discriminated From Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment?. European Psychologist, Vol. 11 (2), 119-27.
Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., & Hayes, T.L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (2), 268.
Hay Group (2009). Engaging and Enabling Employees to Improve Performance Outcomes: Hay Group.
Haynie, J.J., & Flynn, C.B. (2019). The Organizational Justice-Job Engagement Relationship: How Social Exchange and Identity Explain This Effect. Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 31(1).
Hongwei He, Weichun Zhu, & Xiaoming Zheng (2014). Procedural Justice and Employee Engagment: Roles of Organizational Identification and Moral Identity Centrality. J Bus Ethics, 122, 681-695.
Hughes, R.L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G.J. (2012). Leadership: Memperkaya Pelajaran dari Pengalaman (Edisi ketujuh). Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., & Ishizaki M. (2009). Organizational Justice, Psychological Distress, and Work Engagement in Japanese Workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 83, 29-38.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment: Measurement Issues. The Icfai Journal of Organzational Behavior, Vol.VI (4).
Joo, B., Yoon, H.J., & Jeung, C. (2012). The Effects of Core Self Evaluations and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33, 564–582.
Judge, T.A., & Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: a Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768.
Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
Kim, H. (2014). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Clan Culture, Organizational Affective Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Case of South Korea’s Public Sector. Public Organization Review, 14, 397 – 417.
Leventhal, G.S. (1980). What Should be Done with Equity Theory? New Approach to The Study of Fairness in Social Relationship. In Gergen, K., Greenberg, M., & Willis R. (Eds). Social exchange: Advances in Theory and Research, 27-55. New York: Plenum Press.
Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational Behaviour: An Evidence-Based Approach (12th Edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Macey, W.H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.1(1), 3-30.
Macey, W.H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K., & Young, S.A. (2009). Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage. Wiley, Malden, MA.
Manogran, P., Stauffer, J., & Conlon, E. (1994). Leader-Member Exchangeas a Key Mediating Variable Between Employees, Perception of Fairness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. National Academy of Management Proceedings, Dallas TX.
Meindl, J.R. (1989). Managing to be Fair: An Exploration of Values, Motives, and Leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 252-276.
Mesu, J., Sanders, K., & Riemsdijk, M.V. (2015). Transformational Leadership and Organisational Commitment in Manufacturing and Service Small to Medium-Sizedenterprises: The Moderating Effects of Directive and Participative Leadership. Personnel Review, 44, 970–990.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Nazir, M. (1988). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Ghalia Indonesia.
Organ, D. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
Peng Liu (2018). Transformational Leadership Research in China (2005-2015). Chinese Education & Society, 51, 372-409.
Pillai, R, & Schriesheim, C.A., & William, E.S. (1999). Fairness Perception and Trust As Mediator for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two-Sample Study. Journal of Management, Vol. 25 (6), 897-933.
Rich, B.L, Lepine, J.A., & Crawford, E.R. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecendents and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 53 (3), 617-635.
Richman, A. (2006). Everyone Wants an Engaged Workforce How Can You Create It?. Workspan, 49, 36-9.
Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement. Institute for Employment Studies, Brighton.
Saks, A.M., (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagemen. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21 (7), 600-19.
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M.J., & Martı´nez, I.M. (2011). Linking Transformational Leadership to Nurses’s Extra-Role Performance: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 67 (10), 2256-2266.
Sani, F., & Todman, J. (2006). Experimental Design and Statistics for Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Scandura, T.A. (1999). Rethinking Leader-Member Exchange: An Oraganizational Justice Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 25-40.
Scandura, T.A., Pillai, R., & Williams, E.A. (1999). Leadership and Organizational Justice: Similarities and Differences Across Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (4), 763.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2010). Defining and Measuring Work Engagement: Brining Clarity to The Concept. In Bakker, A.S., & Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement: a Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, 10-24.
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement with A Short Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–16.
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A.B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: a Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 71-92.
Siregar, S. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Sivanathan, N., Arnold, K.A., Turner, N., & Barling, J. (2004). Leading Well: Transformational Leadership and Well-Being. In Linley, P.A., & Joseph, S. (Eds). Positive Psychology at Work. Wiley, New York, NY, 241-255.
Sjahruddin, H., Sudiro, A.A., & Normijati (2013). Organizational Justice, Organizational Commitment and Trust in Manager As Predictor of Oraganizational Citizenship Behaviour. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 4, (12).
Sugiyono (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono (2017). Statistik untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do Transformational Leaders Enhance Their Follower’s Daily Work Engagement?. The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 22 (5), 121-131.
Waqas, R.M. (2012). Does Transformational Leadership Leads to Higher Employee Work Engagement: a Study of Pakistani Service Sector Firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 (1).
Wefald, A.J., Reichard, R.J., & Serrano, S.A. (2011). Fitting Engagement Into a Nomological Network: The Relationship of Engagement to Leadership and Personality, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 18 (4), 1-16.
Xiaojun Lyu (2016). Effect of Organizational Justice on Work Engagement with Psychological Safety as a Mediator: Evidence from China. Social Behaviour and Personality, 44 (8), 1359-1370.
Xueli Wang, Lin Ma, & Mian Zhang (2014). Transformational Leadership and Agency Workers Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Effect of Organizational Justice and Job Characteristic. Social Behavior and Personality, 42 (1), 25-36.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Zhu, W., Avolio, B.J., & Walumbwa, F.O (2009). Moderating Role of Follower Characteristics With Transformational Leadership and Follower Work Engagement. Group and Organization Management, Vol. 34 (5), 590-619.
Albrecht, S. L., & Andreetta, M (2010). The Influence of Empowering Leadership, Empowerment and Engagement on Affective Commitment and Turnover Intentions in Community Health Service Workers. Leadership in Health Services, Vol. 24 (3), 228-237.
Allen, N.J., & J.P., Meyer. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to The Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Alvi, A.K., & Abbasi, A.S. (2012). Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Engagement in Banking Sector of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12 (5), 643-649.
Andrew, F.H. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (2nd Edition). New York London: The Guilford Press.
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O., & Weber, T.J. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60 (1), 421-449.
Bacha, E., & Walker, S. (2013). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Followers Perception of Fairness. J Bus Ethics, 116, 667-680.
Bakker, A.B., & Leiter, M.P. (2010). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Barrick, M.R., Thurgood G.R., Smith T.A., & Courtright S.H. (2015). Collective Organizational Engagement: Linking Motivational Antecedents, Strategic Implementation, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58 (1), 111-135.
Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1995). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (form 5x-short). Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
Baumruk, R. (2004). The Missing Link: The Role of Employee Engagement in Business Success. Workspan, 47, 48-52.
Bies, R.J., & Moag, J.S. (1986). Interactional Justice: Communication Criteria of Fairness. In Lewicki R.J., Sheppard B.H. & Bazerman M.H. Research on Negotiations in Organizations, Vol.1, 43-55. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Bies, R.J., & Shapiro, D.L. (1987). Interactional Fairness Judgements: The Influence of Causal Accounts. Social Justice Research, 1(2).
Bies, R.J., & Shapiro, D.L. (1988). Voice and Justification: Their Influence on Procedural Fairness Judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 31.
Buckingham, M., & Coffman, C. (1999). First, Break All The Rules: What The World’s Greatest Manager do Differently. New York, NY: Simon and Shuster.
Chai, D.S., Hwang, S.J., & Joo., G.K. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment in Teams: The Mediating Roles of Shared Vision and Team-Goal Commitment. International Society for Performance Improvement Quartely, 30 (2), 137-158.
Cindy Wu, & Xiang Yi. (2007). Transformational Leadership, Cohesion Perception, and Employee Cynicism about Organizational Change; The Mediating Role of Justice Perceptions. The Journal of Apllied Behaviour Science, Vol. 43 (3), 327-351.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P.E. (2001). The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321.
Colquitt, J.A. (2001). On The Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of A Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 386-400.
Crow, M.M., & Lee, C.B. (2011). Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment Among South Korean Police Officers. International Journal of police Strategies & Management, Vol. 35 (2), 402-423.
Ferdinand, A. (2002). Structural Equation Modelling dalam Penelitian Manajemen. Semarang: BP UNDIP.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistic Using SPSS (3rd Edition). Singapore: Sage Publications.
Frank, F.D., Finnegan, R.P., & Taylor, C.R. (2004). The Race for Talent: Retaining and Engaging Workers in The 21st Century. Human Resource Planning, Vol. 27 (3), 12-25.
Gallup. (2013). State of the American Workforce. Management Journal. Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Gallup (2013). State of the Global Workplace Report: Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Gallup (2017). State of the Global Workplace Report. Retrieved from www.gallup.com.
Ghadi, M.Y., Fernando, M., & Caputi, P. (2012).. Transformational Leadership and Work Engagement: The Mediating Effect of Meaning in Work Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 34 (6), 532-550.
Gliem, J.A., & Gliem, R.R. (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scale. Midwest Research to Practice Conference 2003.
Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16 (2), 399-432.
Hallberg, U.E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2006). Same Same But Different? Can Work Engagement be Discriminated From Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment?. European Psychologist, Vol. 11 (2), 119-27.
Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., & Hayes, T.L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (2), 268.
Hay Group (2009). Engaging and Enabling Employees to Improve Performance Outcomes: Hay Group.
Haynie, J.J., & Flynn, C.B. (2019). The Organizational Justice-Job Engagement Relationship: How Social Exchange and Identity Explain This Effect. Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 31(1).
Hongwei He, Weichun Zhu, & Xiaoming Zheng (2014). Procedural Justice and Employee Engagment: Roles of Organizational Identification and Moral Identity Centrality. J Bus Ethics, 122, 681-695.
Hughes, R.L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G.J. (2012). Leadership: Memperkaya Pelajaran dari Pengalaman (Edisi ketujuh). Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., & Ishizaki M. (2009). Organizational Justice, Psychological Distress, and Work Engagement in Japanese Workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 83, 29-38.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment: Measurement Issues. The Icfai Journal of Organzational Behavior, Vol.VI (4).
Joo, B., Yoon, H.J., & Jeung, C. (2012). The Effects of Core Self Evaluations and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33, 564–582.
Judge, T.A., & Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: a Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768.
Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
Kim, H. (2014). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Clan Culture, Organizational Affective Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Case of South Korea’s Public Sector. Public Organization Review, 14, 397 – 417.
Leventhal, G.S. (1980). What Should be Done with Equity Theory? New Approach to The Study of Fairness in Social Relationship. In Gergen, K., Greenberg, M., & Willis R. (Eds). Social exchange: Advances in Theory and Research, 27-55. New York: Plenum Press.
Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational Behaviour: An Evidence-Based Approach (12th Edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Macey, W.H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.1(1), 3-30.
Macey, W.H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K., & Young, S.A. (2009). Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage. Wiley, Malden, MA.
Manogran, P., Stauffer, J., & Conlon, E. (1994). Leader-Member Exchangeas a Key Mediating Variable Between Employees, Perception of Fairness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. National Academy of Management Proceedings, Dallas TX.
Meindl, J.R. (1989). Managing to be Fair: An Exploration of Values, Motives, and Leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 252-276.
Mesu, J., Sanders, K., & Riemsdijk, M.V. (2015). Transformational Leadership and Organisational Commitment in Manufacturing and Service Small to Medium-Sizedenterprises: The Moderating Effects of Directive and Participative Leadership. Personnel Review, 44, 970–990.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Nazir, M. (1988). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Ghalia Indonesia.
Organ, D. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
Peng Liu (2018). Transformational Leadership Research in China (2005-2015). Chinese Education & Society, 51, 372-409.
Pillai, R, & Schriesheim, C.A., & William, E.S. (1999). Fairness Perception and Trust As Mediator for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two-Sample Study. Journal of Management, Vol. 25 (6), 897-933.
Rich, B.L, Lepine, J.A., & Crawford, E.R. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecendents and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 53 (3), 617-635.
Richman, A. (2006). Everyone Wants an Engaged Workforce How Can You Create It?. Workspan, 49, 36-9.
Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement. Institute for Employment Studies, Brighton.
Saks, A.M., (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagemen. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21 (7), 600-19.
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M.J., & Martı´nez, I.M. (2011). Linking Transformational Leadership to Nurses’s Extra-Role Performance: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 67 (10), 2256-2266.
Sani, F., & Todman, J. (2006). Experimental Design and Statistics for Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Scandura, T.A. (1999). Rethinking Leader-Member Exchange: An Oraganizational Justice Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 25-40.
Scandura, T.A., Pillai, R., & Williams, E.A. (1999). Leadership and Organizational Justice: Similarities and Differences Across Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (4), 763.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2010). Defining and Measuring Work Engagement: Brining Clarity to The Concept. In Bakker, A.S., & Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement: a Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, 10-24.
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement with A Short Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–16.
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A.B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: a Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 71-92.
Siregar, S. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Sivanathan, N., Arnold, K.A., Turner, N., & Barling, J. (2004). Leading Well: Transformational Leadership and Well-Being. In Linley, P.A., & Joseph, S. (Eds). Positive Psychology at Work. Wiley, New York, NY, 241-255.
Sjahruddin, H., Sudiro, A.A., & Normijati (2013). Organizational Justice, Organizational Commitment and Trust in Manager As Predictor of Oraganizational Citizenship Behaviour. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 4, (12).
Sugiyono (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono (2017). Statistik untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do Transformational Leaders Enhance Their Follower’s Daily Work Engagement?. The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 22 (5), 121-131.
Waqas, R.M. (2012). Does Transformational Leadership Leads to Higher Employee Work Engagement: a Study of Pakistani Service Sector Firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 (1).
Wefald, A.J., Reichard, R.J., & Serrano, S.A. (2011). Fitting Engagement Into a Nomological Network: The Relationship of Engagement to Leadership and Personality, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 18 (4), 1-16.
Xiaojun Lyu (2016). Effect of Organizational Justice on Work Engagement with Psychological Safety as a Mediator: Evidence from China. Social Behaviour and Personality, 44 (8), 1359-1370.
Xueli Wang, Lin Ma, & Mian Zhang (2014). Transformational Leadership and Agency Workers Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Effect of Organizational Justice and Job Characteristic. Social Behavior and Personality, 42 (1), 25-36.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Zhu, W., Avolio, B.J., & Walumbwa, F.O (2009). Moderating Role of Follower Characteristics With Transformational Leadership and Follower Work Engagement. Group and Organization Management, Vol. 34 (5), 590-619.
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