HUBUNGAN ANTARA SOSIALISASI GENDER DARI ORANG TUA DENGAN SIKAP REMAJA LAKI-LAKI TERHADAP KEKERASAN DALAM PACARAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/manasa.v8i2.1956Keywords:
gender socialisation, dating violence, male adolescents, genderAbstract
Dating Violence cases, which are categorized as gender based violence are increasing from time
to time in Indonesia. Gender becomes a social characteristic that individuals learn from the
moment they are born and it is primarily being socialized by parents. This gender socialization
that one receives from early age until they reach adolescence stage, can play a role in shaping
one’s perception and attitude towards male and female, especially regarding romantic
relationship context, including how adolescents see the use of violence in a relationship. This study
aimed to find out the relationship between gender socialization from parents and attitude towards
dating violence in male adolescents from 16-21 years old. This study used quantitative crosssectional design. The participants were 125 male adolescents who were living in Jabodetabek with
parents and were obtained using convenience sampling. In this research, Gender-related
Socialization Scale (Raffaeli & Ontai, 2004; α = 0.859) and Attitude towards Male Dating
Violence (Price & Byers, 1999; α = 0.702-0.865) were used as data collection tools. From this
study, we found out there is a significant correlation between gender socialization from parents
and attitude towards dating violence, attitude towards physical, and also attitude towards sexual
violence. There was no significant correlation between gender socialization from parents and
attitude towards psychological violence. We also found out that participants who were currently
engaged in a relationship have a higher score in attitude towards sexual dating violence than
participants who were not in a relationship.
References
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Asmarani, D. (2015). Kekerasan dalam
pacaran fenomena sunyi di Indonesia
(Web Log Message). Retrieved from
http://www.magdalene.co/news-450-
kekerasan-dalam-pacaran-fenomenasunyi-di-indonesia.html
Basu, S., Zuo, X., Lou, C., Acharya, R., &
Lundgren, R. (2017). Learning to be
gendered: Gender socialization in early
adolescence among urban poor in Delhi,
India, and Shanghai, China. Journal of
adolescent health, 61(24-29).
Blakemore, J. E. O. & Hill, C. A (2008). The
child gender socialization scale: A
measure to compare traditional and
feminist parents. Sex roles, 58, 192–207.
doi 10.1007/s11199-007-9333-y
Boothe, M. A. S., Wilson, R. M., Lassiter, T.
E., & Holland, B. (2014). Differences in
sexual behaviors and teen dating violence
among black, hispanic, and white female
adolescents. Journal of aggression,
maltreatment & trauma, 23, 1072–1089,
doi: 10.1080/10926771.2014.964436.
Crespi, I. (2003). Gender socialization within
the family: a study on adolescents and
their parents in Great Britain. Manuscript
submitted for publication.
Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research.
Boston: Pearson.
Curtis, Alexa C. (2015). Defining
Adolescence. Journal of adolescent and
family health, 7(2,2), Diakses dari
http://scholar.utc.edu/jafh/vol7/iss2/2.
Dardis, C.M., Dixon, K.J., Edwards, K.M.,
Turchik, J.A. (2015). An examination of
the factors related to dating violence
perpetration among young men and
women and associated theoretical
explanations: A review of the literature.
Trauma violence abuse, 16(2):136-52.
doi: 10.1177/1524838013517559
Doud, Katie. "Dating violence prevention
through a change in gender norms"
(2016). Dissertations. Paper 2128.
http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2128
Erdem, A. & Şahin, R. (2017).
Undergraduates’ attitudes toward dating
violence: Its relationship with sexism and
narcissism. International journal of
higher education, 6(6). Diunduh dari
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ11631
76.pdf
Flood, M. & Pease, B. (2009). Factors
influencing attitudes to violence against
women. Trauma, violence, & abuse, 10
(2), 125-142. DOI:10.1177/1524838009334131.
Gravetter, F.J., & Wallnau, L.B. (2013).
Statistics for behavioral sciences (9th.
Ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage
Learning.
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Traditional masculinity and femininity:
Validation of a new scale assessing
gender roles. Psychol, 7(956). doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956
Kågesten A, Gibbs S, Blum RW, Moreau C,
Chandra-Mouli V, Herbert A, Amin, A.
(2016). Understanding factors that shape
gender attitudes in early adolescence
globally: A mixed-methods systematic
review. Plos One, 11(6).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157805.
Kaukinen, C. (2014). Dating violence among
college students: The risk and protective
factors. Trauma, violence, & abuse,
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step-by-step guide for beginners (2
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2(1), 1 – 8.
Our Watch. (2018). Challenging gender
stereotypes in the early years: the power
of parents. Melbourne: Our Watch.
Park S., & Kim, S. (2017). Who are the
victims and who are the perpetrators in
dating violence?: Sharing the role of
victim and perpetrator. Trauma, violence,
& abuse, 1-10, DOI:
10.1177/1524838017730648.
Pimentel, C. E., Moura, G. B., & Cavalcanti,
J. G. (2017). Acceptance of Dating
Violence Scale: Checking its
psychometric properties. Bragança
Paulista, 22(1), 147-159, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-
82712017220113
Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C.
(1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact
on adolescent males’ heterosexual
relationships. Journal of Social Issues,
49(3), 11-29.
Price, E. L. & Byers, E. S. (1999). The
attitudes towards dating violence scales:
Development and initial validation.
Journal of family violence, 14(4), 351-
375.
Raffaeli, M. & Ontai, M. M. (2004). Gender
socialization in latino/a families: results
from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles,
50(5), 287-299.
Reidy, Dennis E., Smith-Darden, Joanne P.,
Cortina, Kai S., Kernsmith, Roger M., &
Kernsmith, P. D. (2015). Masculine
discrepancy stress, teen dating violence,
and sexual violence perpetration among
adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 56, 619-624.
Reyes, H. L. M, Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P. H.,
Reidy, D. E., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Gender
role attitude and male adolescent dating
violence perpetration: Normative belief
as moderators. J Youth Adolesc, 45(2):
350-360. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0278-
0.
Rice, F.P. (1999). The Adolescent:
Development, relationship, and culture.
Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
Sanders, S. M. (2007). Teen dating violence:
The invisible peril. New York, NY: Peter
Lang Publishing.
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Adolescence (15th
ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Shen, C., Chiu, M. Y., & Gao, J. (2012).
Predictors of dating violence among
chinese adolescents: the role of genderrole beliefs and justification of violence.
Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(6),
1066–1089.
Šikić-Mićanović, L. (1997). Socialization
and gender: The significance of
sociocultural contexts. Društvena
istraživanja, 6(4–5), 577–595.
Sjödina, A., Wallinius, M., Billstedta, E.,
Hofvander, B., & Nilssona, T. (2017).
Dating violence compared to other types
of violence: similaroffenders but
different victims. The european journal
of psychology applied to legal context, 9,
83–91.
Steinberg, L. D. (2014). Adolescence (10th).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wall, L. (2014). Gender equality and
violence against women: What’s the
connection? Australian centre for the
study of sexual assault (Research
Summary). Melbourne: Australian
Institute of Family Studies.
Wang, L. (2016). Factors influencing attitude
toward intimate partner violence.
Aggression and violent behavior, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.
005
Wobschall, S. M. (2014). "Recognition of
and attitudes toward, intimate partner
violence among sampled university
students. (Theses, dissertations, and
other capstone projects).
Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. R., Wang, S., & Miller,
I. S. K. (2017). Meta-analyses of the
relationship between conformity to
masculine norms and mental healthrelated outcomes. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 64(1), 80-93. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0
(2013). Social psychology (8th ed.). New
Jersey: Pearson
Asmarani, D. (2015). Kekerasan dalam
pacaran fenomena sunyi di Indonesia
(Web Log Message). Retrieved from
http://www.magdalene.co/news-450-
kekerasan-dalam-pacaran-fenomenasunyi-di-indonesia.html
Basu, S., Zuo, X., Lou, C., Acharya, R., &
Lundgren, R. (2017). Learning to be
gendered: Gender socialization in early
adolescence among urban poor in Delhi,
India, and Shanghai, China. Journal of
adolescent health, 61(24-29).
Blakemore, J. E. O. & Hill, C. A (2008). The
child gender socialization scale: A
measure to compare traditional and
feminist parents. Sex roles, 58, 192–207.
doi 10.1007/s11199-007-9333-y
Boothe, M. A. S., Wilson, R. M., Lassiter, T.
E., & Holland, B. (2014). Differences in
sexual behaviors and teen dating violence
among black, hispanic, and white female
adolescents. Journal of aggression,
maltreatment & trauma, 23, 1072–1089,
doi: 10.1080/10926771.2014.964436.
Crespi, I. (2003). Gender socialization within
the family: a study on adolescents and
their parents in Great Britain. Manuscript
submitted for publication.
Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research.
Boston: Pearson.
Curtis, Alexa C. (2015). Defining
Adolescence. Journal of adolescent and
family health, 7(2,2), Diakses dari
http://scholar.utc.edu/jafh/vol7/iss2/2.
Dardis, C.M., Dixon, K.J., Edwards, K.M.,
Turchik, J.A. (2015). An examination of
the factors related to dating violence
perpetration among young men and
women and associated theoretical
explanations: A review of the literature.
Trauma violence abuse, 16(2):136-52.
doi: 10.1177/1524838013517559
Doud, Katie. "Dating violence prevention
through a change in gender norms"
(2016). Dissertations. Paper 2128.
http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2128
Erdem, A. & Şahin, R. (2017).
Undergraduates’ attitudes toward dating
violence: Its relationship with sexism and
narcissism. International journal of
higher education, 6(6). Diunduh dari
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ11631
76.pdf
Flood, M. & Pease, B. (2009). Factors
influencing attitudes to violence against
women. Trauma, violence, & abuse, 10
(2), 125-142. DOI:10.1177/1524838009334131.
Gravetter, F.J., & Wallnau, L.B. (2013).
Statistics for behavioral sciences (9th.
Ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage
Learning.
Hanifah, N. (2016). Sosiologi pendidikan.
Sumedang: UPI Sumedang Press.
Kachel S, Steffens MC & Niedlich C. (2016).
Traditional masculinity and femininity:
Validation of a new scale assessing
gender roles. Psychol, 7(956). doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956
Kågesten A, Gibbs S, Blum RW, Moreau C,
Chandra-Mouli V, Herbert A, Amin, A.
(2016). Understanding factors that shape
gender attitudes in early adolescence
globally: A mixed-methods systematic
review. Plos One, 11(6).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157805.
Kaukinen, C. (2014). Dating violence among
college students: The risk and protective
factors. Trauma, violence, & abuse,
15(4). 283-296
Kretchmar, J. (2009). Gender Socialization.
Essay for publication.
Komnas Perempuan. (2016). Laporan
Independen Universal Periodic Review
(UPR). Komnas Perempuan: Jakarta.
Komnas Perempuan. (2017). Lembar fakta
catatan tahunan (CATAHU) Komnas
Perempuan tahun 2017. Komnas
Perempuan: Jakarta.
Komnas Perempuan (2018). Lembar fakta
dan poin kunci catatan tahunan
(CATAHU)
Komnas Perempuan tahun
2018: Tergerusnya ruang aman
perempuan dalam pusaran politik
populisme.
Komnas Perempuan: Jakarta.
Kumar, R. (2005). Research methodology: A
step-by-step guide for beginners (2
nd Ed).
London: Sage.
Mackie, M. (1991). Gender relations in
Canada: Futher explanation. Toronto:
Butterworths.
Mesra, E., Salma, Fauziah. Kekerasan dalam
pacaran remaja putri di Tangerang.
Jurnal ilmu dan teknologi kesehatan,
2(1), 1 – 8.
Our Watch. (2018). Challenging gender
stereotypes in the early years: the power
of parents. Melbourne: Our Watch.
Park S., & Kim, S. (2017). Who are the
victims and who are the perpetrators in
dating violence?: Sharing the role of
victim and perpetrator. Trauma, violence,
& abuse, 1-10, DOI:
10.1177/1524838017730648.
Pimentel, C. E., Moura, G. B., & Cavalcanti,
J. G. (2017). Acceptance of Dating
Violence Scale: Checking its
psychometric properties. Bragança
Paulista, 22(1), 147-159, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-
82712017220113
Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C.
(1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact
on adolescent males’ heterosexual
relationships. Journal of Social Issues,
49(3), 11-29.
Price, E. L. & Byers, E. S. (1999). The
attitudes towards dating violence scales:
Development and initial validation.
Journal of family violence, 14(4), 351-
375.
Raffaeli, M. & Ontai, M. M. (2004). Gender
socialization in latino/a families: results
from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles,
50(5), 287-299.
Reidy, Dennis E., Smith-Darden, Joanne P.,
Cortina, Kai S., Kernsmith, Roger M., &
Kernsmith, P. D. (2015). Masculine
discrepancy stress, teen dating violence,
and sexual violence perpetration among
adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 56, 619-624.
Reyes, H. L. M, Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P. H.,
Reidy, D. E., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Gender
role attitude and male adolescent dating
violence perpetration: Normative belief
as moderators. J Youth Adolesc, 45(2):
350-360. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0278-
0.
Rice, F.P. (1999). The Adolescent:
Development, relationship, and culture.
Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
Sanders, S. M. (2007). Teen dating violence:
The invisible peril. New York, NY: Peter
Lang Publishing.
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Adolescence (15th
ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Shen, C., Chiu, M. Y., & Gao, J. (2012).
Predictors of dating violence among
chinese adolescents: the role of genderrole beliefs and justification of violence.
Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(6),
1066–1089.
Šikić-Mićanović, L. (1997). Socialization
and gender: The significance of
sociocultural contexts. Društvena
istraživanja, 6(4–5), 577–595.
Sjödina, A., Wallinius, M., Billstedta, E.,
Hofvander, B., & Nilssona, T. (2017).
Dating violence compared to other types
of violence: similaroffenders but
different victims. The european journal
of psychology applied to legal context, 9,
83–91.
Steinberg, L. D. (2014). Adolescence (10th).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wall, L. (2014). Gender equality and
violence against women: What’s the
connection? Australian centre for the
study of sexual assault (Research
Summary). Melbourne: Australian
Institute of Family Studies.
Wang, L. (2016). Factors influencing attitude
toward intimate partner violence.
Aggression and violent behavior, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.
005
Wobschall, S. M. (2014). "Recognition of
and attitudes toward, intimate partner
violence among sampled university
students. (Theses, dissertations, and
other capstone projects).
Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. R., Wang, S., & Miller,
I. S. K. (2017). Meta-analyses of the
relationship between conformity to
masculine norms and mental healthrelated outcomes. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 64(1), 80-93. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0
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