KONTRIBUSI JOB DEMANDS DAN JOB RESOURCES TERHADAP PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING PEKERJA CREATIVE AGENCY DI JAKARTA

Authors

  • Nathalyn Hung Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
  • Esther Muliana Kembaren Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25170/manasa.v13i1.5469

Keywords:

job demands, job resources, psychological well-being, worker, creative agency

Abstract

This study aims to examine the contributions of job demands and job resources to the psychological well-being of creative agency workers. Creative agencies often require longer working hours and higher workloads to meet customer demands. However, the resources provided by companies to support workers sometimes do not adequately compensate for these demands, which can negatively impact workers' psychological well-being. Despite this, creative agencies depend heavily on their workers to achieve company targets, and the psychological well-being of these workers plays a crucial role in their ability to develop their potential and function optimally. It is predicted that adequate job resources to meet job demands will enhance the psychological functioning of workers.

This research utilized quantitative methods and involved 106 creative agency workers in Jakarta, selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used for measurement were the Questionnaire sur les Ressources et Contraintes Professionnelles and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that job demands and job resources significantly contribute to the psychological well-being of creative agency workers. Specifically, job demands have a negative impact on psychological well-being, whereas job resources have a positive impact. Therefore, even though the work is demanding, sufficient resources can help maintain the psychological well-being of workers.

References

Alkhodary DA. Exploring the relationship between organizational culture and well-being of educational institutions in jordan. Administrative Sciences. 2023; 13(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030092

Aprilianingsih, A., & Frianto, A. (2022). Pengaruh job demands dan job resources terhadap work engagement pada tenaga kependidikan di perguruan tinggi. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 10(1), 173- 184. https://doi.org/10.26740/jim.v10n1.p173-184

Ariyanti, H. (2018). Pekerja media dan industri kreatif rawan terkena depresi. Merdeka. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/pekerja-media-dan-industri-kreatif-rawan-terkena-depresi.html

Arkes, J. (2019). Regression analysis: A practical introduction. Routledge.

Arviana, G. A. (2021). Berbagai plus dan minus bekerja di agency yang bisa kamu pertimbangkan. Glints. https://glints.com/id/lowongan/plus-minus-kerja-di-agency/

Astisya, I. R., & Hadi, C. (2021). Pengaruh job demands dan job resources terhadap work engagement guru. Jurnal Insight psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember, 17(1), 207-223. http://jurnal.unmuhjember.ac.id/index.php/INSIGHT/article/view/ASH/3422

Ayres, A. (2022). Theories of adult development: Similarities and differences. https://study.com/academy/lesson/theories-of-adult-development-levinson-vaillant-neugarten.html

Babbie, E. (2014). The basics of social research (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. https://sajip.co.za/index.php/sajip/article/view/974

Barbera, J., Naibert, N., Komperda, R., & Pentecost, T. C. (2021). Clarity on

Cronbach’s alpha use. Journal of Chemical Education, 98(2), 257-258. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00183

Bartlett, J. E., II., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropritate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. https://www.opalco.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Reading-Sample-Size1.pdf

Bhandari, A. (2023). Multicolinearity: Causes, effects and detection using VIF. Analytics Vidya. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2020/03/what-is-multicollinearity/

Blue Cross. (2017). Workplace culture impacts health and life: A research report for large employers. https://www.bluecrossmn.com/sites/default/files/DAM/2020-09/P11GA_17572367-Workplace-culture-research-report.pdf

Bradley, S. (2021). Overworked marketers and agency staff say employers not doing enough on mental health. The Drum. https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/05/04/overworked-marketers-and-agency-staff-say-employers-not-doing-enough-mental-health

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. In D. A. Kenny (Ed.), Methodology in the social sciences. The Guilford Press.

Chasnky, R. (2023). 7 common challenges independent advertising agencies face. Audience X Insights. https://audiencex.com/insights/7-common-challenges-independent-advertising-agencies-face/

Clear, J. (2014). How long does it actually take to form a new habit? (Backed by science). HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/forming-new-habits_b_5104807?guccounter=1

Corder, G. W., & Foreman D. I. (2009). Nonparametric statistics for non-statisticians. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Crain, G. (2022). How the pandemic has changed advertising in 2022. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2017/02/24/why-agencies-are-more-relevant-and-irrelevant-than-ever-before/?sh=1a9aa76f5fd7

Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

Crocker, L., Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory.Cengage Learning.

Deng, G., Huang, C., Cheung, S. P., & Zhu, S. (2021). Job demands and resources and employee well-being in the Chinese nonprofit sector. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 780718. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780718/full

Dhani, A. (2017). Ancaman kematian pekerja kreatif. Tirto. https://tirto.id/ancaman-kematian-pekerja-kreatif-cjJp

Dixon, S. (2023). Number of global social network users 2017-2027. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20over%204.26%20billion,almost%20six%20billion%20in%202027

Dominica, V. S., & Wijono, S. (2019). Hubungan antara job demand dengan workplace well being pada karyawan generasi Z di Jakarta. Psikologia (Jurnal Psikologi), 4(2), 1-9.

https://repository.uksw.edu/handle/123456789/25897

Dowdy, S., Weardon, S., & Chilko, D. (2004). Statistics for research (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Durante, J. (2021). Three reasons you should be advertising on social media in 2021. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2021/03/12/three-reasons-you-should-be-advertising-on-social-media-in-2021/?sh=4d837a5b3f52

European Agency for Safety and Healt at Work. (2017). Job demands. European Union. https://oshwiki.osha.europa.eu/en/themes/job-demands

Farkash, O. (2023). 7 advertising agencies roles you won’t wanna miss on your team. https://www.mayple.com/blog/advertising-agency-roles

French, K. (2023). What’s a creative agency? How they help & how to find one. Column Five. https://www.columnfivemedia.com/what-is-a-creative-agency/

Fullstop Indonesia. (2020). The importance of supporting mental health for creative agency team. https://www.fullstopindonesia.com/blog/item/192/The-Importance-of-Supporting-Mental-Health-for-Creative-Agency-Team

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Hakim, L. (2022). Suka duka bekerja di creative agency yang selayaknya lo ketahui. Froyonion. https://www.froyonion.com/news/kreatif/suka-duka-bekerja-di-creative-agency-yang-selayaknya-lo-ketahui

Hamel, R. S., Rompas, R. M., & Doda, V. D. (2018). Hubungan antara beban, masa kerja dan shift kerja dengan gangguan pola tidur pada perawat di ruangan rawat inap rumah sakit umum GMIM Pancaran Kasih Manado. Jurnal Keperawatan, 6(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.35790/jkp.v6i2.24982

Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia [HIMPSI]. (2010). Kode etik psikologi Indonesia. Pengurus Pusat Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia.

Ibrahim, S. B. M. (2021). The influence of job demand – resources on work engagement among Malaysian northern region public universities academics. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 6(1), 1-13. https://jameb.stimlasharanjaya.ac.id/JAMEB/article/view/127/106

Illowsky, B., & Dean S. (2018). Introductory statistics. OpenStax Rice University

Johal, S. K., & Pooja, M. (2016). Relationship between mental health and psychological well being of prospective female teachers. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 6(1), 1-6. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jrme/papers/Vol-6%20Issue-1/Version-2/A06120106.pdf

Keizer, A. (2022). What is a creative agency & what services do they provide. Wrapbook. https://www.wrapbook.com/blog/what-is-a-creative-agency

Kowalewicz, R. (2022). How social media impacts consumer buying. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2022/04/28/how-social-media-impacts-consumer-buying/?sh=7f0e24d2337d

Krosel, A., Helbert, A, Eads, A., Sherman, C., Birt, J., Murray, J.K., Alpeche, J., Herrity, J., & Garcia, R. (2002). How to use the job demands resource model in an organization. Indeed. https://ca.indeed.com/career- advice/career-development/job-demand-resource-model

Kurnia, C., & Widigno, A. M. N. (2021). Effect of work-life balance, job demand, job insecurity on employee performance at PT Jaya Lautan Global with employee well-being as a mediation variable. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(5), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.5.948

Lee, Y. S. (2019). JD-R model on psychological well-being and the moderation effect of job discrimination in the model: Findings from the MIDUS. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(3/4), 232-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2018-0059

L’équeurre, J., Gillet, N., Ragot, C., & Fouquereau, E. (2013). Validation of a French questionnaire to measure job demands and resources. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 26(4), 93–124. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-psychologie-sociale-2013-4-page-93.html

Liem, W., Prasetya, W., Maudy, C., Roshita, N., & Irooth, S. (2021). Kerja layak:Survei tentang kondisi pekerja media dan industri kreatif di Indonesia. Serikat Pekerja Media dan Industri Kreatif (SINDIKASI). https://sindikasi.org/riset-publikasi

Macmillan, R. (2023). Gen Z at work: Embracing change and driving innovation. https://flair.hr/en/blog/gen-z-at-work/

Magee, K. (2021). Most people get sick before they realise their work pattern is harming them. Campaign. https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/most-people-sick-realise-work-pattern-harming-them/1714888

Miller, L. A., & Lovler, R. L. (2020). Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach. Sage Publications

Monteiro, E., & Joseph, J. (2023). A review on the impact of workplace culture on employee mental health and well-being. International Journal of Case Studies in Business, IT, and Education (IJCSBE), 7(2), 291-317. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7999328

Moorman, C., & McCarthy, T. (2021). CMOs: Adapt your social media strategy for a post-pandemic world. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/01/cmos-adapt-your-social-media-strategy-for-a-post-pandemic-world

Nicholson, R. (2023). Agency burnout: Why it happens and how to prevent it Resource Guru. https://resourceguruapp.com/blog/agency-burnout

Niemiec, C.P. (2014). Eudaimonic well-being. In Michalos, A.C. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_929

Nurhayati-Wolff, H. (2023). Number of social network users Indonesia 2019-2028. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/247938/number-of-social-network-users-in-indonesia/

Parmelee, M. (2023). Making waves: How Gen Zs and millenial are prioritizing–and driving–change in the workplace. https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/insights/topics/talent/recruiting-gen-z-and-millennials.html

Persson, I. (2021). It’s agency life–but does it have to be? Media Cause. https://mediacause.com/its-agency-life-but-does-it-have-to-be/#:~:text=In%20many%20marketing%20and%20advertising,want% 2C%20whenever%20they%20want%20it

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Pyschology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

Ryff, C. D. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719

Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24281296/

Sabran, R., & Karim, N. K. B. A. (2021). Factors pressuring worker’s personal wellbeing at media workplace environment. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 281-289. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352297969_Factors_Pressuring_Worker's_Personal_Wellbeing_At_Media_Workplace_Environment

Samsung. (2023). Gen Z is defining the future of work – on their own terms, reveals Morning Result and Samsung survey. https://news.samsung.com/us/gen-z-defining-future-work-own-terms-reveals-morning-consult-samsung-survey/#:~:text=Recognizing%20the%20significance%20of%20this,of%20work%2C%20their%20perceptions%20of

de Santiago, E. (2023). What is a creative agency? (Plus how to work for one). Indeed. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-is-a-creative-agency

Sari, R. E. (2022). Workplace well-being reviewed from personal characteristics and job demands among lecturers. Insight: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 24(1), 126-138. https://ejurnal.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/2326/1066

Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach. Springer Science + Business Media.

Schaufeli, W. B. (2017). Appling the job demands-resources model: A ‘how to’ guideto measuring and tackling work engagement and burnout. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008

Schraiber-Gregory, D, & Bader, K. (2018). Logistic and linear rgression: Violation recognition and control [Paper presentation]. SESUG 2018 Conference, St. Pete’s Beach, Florida, Unites States of America.

Statistik Sektoral Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2019. Gambaran umum tenaga kerja dan perusahaan ekonomi kreatif di provinsi DKI Jakarta. https://statistik.jakarta.go.id/gambaran-umum-tenaga-kerja-dan-perusahaan-ekonomi-kreatif-di-provinsi-dki-jakarta/

Shaid, N. J. (2022). Ekonomi kreatif: Pengertian, ciri-ciri, manfaat dan contohnya. Kompas. https://money.kompas.com/read/2022/08/23/205927526/ekonomi-kreatif-pengertian-ciri-ciri-manfaat-dan-contohnya?page=all

Sharma, K. (2020). As advertising lost another young life to work stress, are agencies still refusing to acknowledge that burn-out is a real issue in the industry? Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/ad-agencies/article/as-advertising-lost-another-young-life-to-work-stress-are-agencies-still-refusing-to-acknowledge-that-burn-out-is-a-real-issue-in-the-industry/articleshow/78023377.cms

Shorter, G. W., O’Neill, S. M., & McElherron, L. (2018). Changing arts and minds: A survey of health and wellbeing in the creative sector. Inspire. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/changing-arts-and-minds-a-survey-of-health-and-wellbeing-in-the-c-2

Smith, M. (2023). The no.1 industry Gen Z wants to work in, according to new research–it’s not tech. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/14/the-no-1-industry-gen-z-wants-to-work-in-according-to-new-research.html

SPARQ Tools. (2023). Psychological wellbeing scale. Standford University. https://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/psychological-wellbeing-scale/

Srivastav, P. (2021). Work stress and psychological well-being among young employed adults. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, 8(4), 691-694. https://ijirt.org/master/publishedpaper/IJIRT152720_PAPER.pdf

Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Shehzad, S., Syed, M. A., & Raja, S. A. (2018). Relationship between perceived occupational stress and psychological well-being among secondary school heads in khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PLOS ONE, 13(12), Article e0208143. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208143

Sumeet. (2021). Pros & cons of working in an agency: Explained by a senior designer.

UX Planet. https://uxplanet.org/pros-cons-of-working-in-an-agency-explained-by-a-senior-designer-54adf440339b

Tesi, A., Aiello, A., & Giannetti, E. (2019). The work-related well-being of social workers: Framing job demands, psychological well-being, and work engagement. Journal of Social Work, 19(1), 121-141. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468017318757397

van Eys, P. (2021). HR’s guide to the effect of job stress on employee performance. Pathways. https://www.pathways.com/pathways-at-work/blog/job-stress-and-employee-performance#:~:text=Job%20stress%20makes%20employees%20more,turnover%2C%20disengagement%2C%20and%20absenteeism.

van der Weiden, A., Benjamins, J., Gillebaart, M., Ybema, J. K., & de Ridder, D. (2020). How to form good habits? A longitudinal field study on the role of self-control in habit formation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00560

Wulan, D. K., & Putri, M. (2016). Job demands dan workplace well-being pada guru sekolah luar biasa negeri. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi, 5(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPPP.051.05

Woodcock, A. (2016). Working conditions in a creative advertising agency. Medium. https://medium.com/@AdamWoodcock/working-conditions-in-a-creative-advertising-agency-89af2548a97d

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2022). Mental health at work. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work

Downloads

Published

2024-08-08

Issue

Section

Articles
Abstract views: 90 | PDF downloads: 74