Instructing language learning strategies to promote autonomous learning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/ijelt.v1i2.1424Keywords:
language learning strategy instruction, autonomous language learning, self-access centerAbstract
The paper discusses the effects of language learning strategy instruction on the improvement of the four language skills at tertiary education level. The focus of the discussion reflects two main points. The first relates to the effect of instruction in the use of language learning strategies prior to undertaking autonomous language learning in a self-access center on the improvement of the four language skills, and the second relates to the language learning strategies used in the self-access center where autonomous language learning takes place. The paper argues that language learning strategies instruction promotes autonomous language learning mode and contributes to the improvement of both the productive and the receptive skills. It is also evident that there are some other language learning strategies used during the autonomous learning in the self-access center other than those identified and used in foreign language learning. Practical application of autonomous learning mode in the self-access center in relation to the teaching of English to non-language departments at tertiary education level is also suggested.
References
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Bedell, D., & Oxford, R. 1996. Cross-cultural comparisons of language strategies in the People’s Republic of China and other countries. In
R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 47-60). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
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Brown, A.L., & Pelincsar, A.S. 1982. Inducing strategic learning from texts by means of informed, self-control training. Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 2, 272-281.
Brown, A.L., & Baker, L. 1986. The role of metacognition in reading and studying. In J. Orasanu (Ed), Reading comprehension: from research to practice (pp. 49-75). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Chamot, A.U., Bernhardt, S., El-Dinary, P., & Robbins, J. 1996. Methods for teaching learning strategies in the foreign language classroom. In R.L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 175-187). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Cresswell, A. 2000. Self-monitoring in student writing: Developing learner responsibility. ELT Journal, 54/3, 235-243.
Dadour, S., & Robbins, J. 1996. University level students using strategy instruction to improve speaking ability in Egypt and Japan. In Rebecca L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 157-166). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Dickinson, L.D. 1994. Preparing learners: Toolkit requirements for preparing/orienting learners. In E. Esch (Ed.), Self-access and the adult language learner (pp. 39-49). London, CILT.
Griffiths, C., & Parr, J.M. 2001. Language learning strategies: Theory and perception. ELT Journal, 55/3, 247-254.
Hurd, S. 1999. Developing skills for the twenty-first century: Lessons from autonomy in language learning. The New ACADEMIC 8/1, 3-7.
Lam, W., & Wong, J. 2000. The effects of strategy training on developing discussion skills in an ESL classroom. ELT Journal, 54/3, 245-255.
Levine, A., Reves, T., & Leaver, B. 1996. Relationship between language learning strategies and Israeli versus Russian cultural-educational factors. In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 35-39). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Little, D. 1995. Learning as dialogue: The dependence of learner autonomy on teacher autonomy. System, 23/2, 175-181.
McDevitt, B. 1997. Learner autonomy and the need for learner training.
Language Learning, 16, 34-39.
McDonough, S.H. 1995. Strategy and skill in learning a foreign language.
Edward Arnold.
Nunan, N. 1996. Learner strategy training in the classroom: An action research. TESOL Journal, 6/1, 35-41.
O’Malley, J.M. 1987. The effects of training in the use of learning strategies on learning English as a second language. In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in language learning (pp. 133-147). Prentice Hall International.
O’Malley, J.M., & Chamot, A.U. 1990. Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R.L. 1990. Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Oxford, R., & Nyikos, M. 1989. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students. Modern Language Journal, 73, 291-300.
Oxford, R.L. (Ed.). 1996. Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Paris, S.G., Newman, R.S., & McVey, K.A. 1981. From tricks to strategies: Learning the functional significance of mnemonic actions. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
Politzer, R.L., & McGroarty, M. 1985. An exploratory study of learning behaviors and relationship to gains in linguistic and communicative competence. TESOL Quarterly, 19/1, 103-123.
Bedell, D., & Oxford, R. 1996. Cross-cultural comparisons of language strategies in the People’s Republic of China and other countries. In
R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 47-60). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Brown, A.L., & Compione, J.C. 1978. Memory strategies in learning: training children to study strategically. In H. Pick, H. Lebowitz, J. Singer, A. Steinsschneider, & H. Stevenson (Eds.), Application of basic research in psychology. New York: Plenum Press.
Brown, A.L., & Pelincsar, A.S. 1982. Inducing strategic learning from texts by means of informed, self-control training. Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 2, 272-281.
Brown, A.L., & Baker, L. 1986. The role of metacognition in reading and studying. In J. Orasanu (Ed), Reading comprehension: from research to practice (pp. 49-75). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Chamot, A.U., Bernhardt, S., El-Dinary, P., & Robbins, J. 1996. Methods for teaching learning strategies in the foreign language classroom. In R.L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 175-187). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Cresswell, A. 2000. Self-monitoring in student writing: Developing learner responsibility. ELT Journal, 54/3, 235-243.
Dadour, S., & Robbins, J. 1996. University level students using strategy instruction to improve speaking ability in Egypt and Japan. In Rebecca L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 157-166). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Dickinson, L.D. 1994. Preparing learners: Toolkit requirements for preparing/orienting learners. In E. Esch (Ed.), Self-access and the adult language learner (pp. 39-49). London, CILT.
Griffiths, C., & Parr, J.M. 2001. Language learning strategies: Theory and perception. ELT Journal, 55/3, 247-254.
Hurd, S. 1999. Developing skills for the twenty-first century: Lessons from autonomy in language learning. The New ACADEMIC 8/1, 3-7.
Lam, W., & Wong, J. 2000. The effects of strategy training on developing discussion skills in an ESL classroom. ELT Journal, 54/3, 245-255.
Levine, A., Reves, T., & Leaver, B. 1996. Relationship between language learning strategies and Israeli versus Russian cultural-educational factors. In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 35-39). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Little, D. 1995. Learning as dialogue: The dependence of learner autonomy on teacher autonomy. System, 23/2, 175-181.
McDevitt, B. 1997. Learner autonomy and the need for learner training.
Language Learning, 16, 34-39.
McDonough, S.H. 1995. Strategy and skill in learning a foreign language.
Edward Arnold.
Nunan, N. 1996. Learner strategy training in the classroom: An action research. TESOL Journal, 6/1, 35-41.
O’Malley, J.M. 1987. The effects of training in the use of learning strategies on learning English as a second language. In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in language learning (pp. 133-147). Prentice Hall International.
O’Malley, J.M., & Chamot, A.U. 1990. Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R.L. 1990. Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Oxford, R., & Nyikos, M. 1989. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students. Modern Language Journal, 73, 291-300.
Oxford, R.L. (Ed.). 1996. Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Paris, S.G., Newman, R.S., & McVey, K.A. 1981. From tricks to strategies: Learning the functional significance of mnemonic actions. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
Politzer, R.L., & McGroarty, M. 1985. An exploratory study of learning behaviors and relationship to gains in linguistic and communicative competence. TESOL Quarterly, 19/1, 103-123.
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2005-10-31
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