Covid-19 dan Krisis Industri Kreatif dalam Kapitalisme Digital: Komodifi kasi Pekerja Media Digital dalam Kerangka Data as Labor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/respons.v25i02.2461Kata Kunci:
Covid-19, Industri Kreatif, Ekonomi Politik Media, Teori Struktural Imperialisme Budaya Galtung, Kapitalisme Digital, Data sebagai Modal dan Data sebagai Tenaga Kerja, Komodifikasi Pekerja Media Digital, Big Data.Abstrak
Memasuki tahun 2020, wabah Covid-19 menghantam perikehidupan seluruh manusia lintas negara dan bangsa tanpa ampun dan memicu resesi Ekonomi secara global. Pandemi membawa aneka krisis tak terperi, termasuk bagi para pekerja Industri Kreatif. Meskipun dua dekade terakhir menunjukkan tren positif dari kontribusi Industri Kreatif bagi PDB Indonesia, tetapi, jauh sebelum pecahnya Pandemi, benih-benih krisis Industri Kreatif ternyata sudah ada sejak lama, mulai dari fase transisi Era Kapitalisme Industrial menuju Kapitalisme Digital. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Analisis Ekonomi Politik Media, penulis akan menunjukkan awal mula terjadinya krisis dengan menguraikan dimensi konseptual dari ‘kekerasan struktural’ yang merujuk pada Teori Struktural dari Imperialisme Budaya versi Galtung (1971). Sejarah singkat peristilahan Kapitalisme Digital juga dibahas agar diperoleh benang merah pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif tentang krisis. Selanjutnya, sejumlah persoalan ekonomi politik yang mengemuka dalam Kapitalisme Digital diidentifikasi untuk menunjukkan locus problematicus Krisis yang terus berlanjut. Argumen inti makalah ini akan menunjukkan mengapa persoalan ekonomi politik yang menyangkut dualisme Data as Capital dan Data as Labor merupakan masalah serius dalam Kapitalisme Digital, yang luput dari perhatian khalayak. Solusi yang ditawarkan penulis menggabungkan masukan pro-Struktur yang lebih berkeadilan dari analisis Galtung, perspektif Marxis, dan pendekatan pro-agensi kolektif dari Arrieta-Ibarra, dkk. (2018). Analisis atas persoalan komodifikasi Pekerja Media Digital dalam Kerangka Data as Labor diharapkan meningkatkan kesadaran pembaca bahwa relasi ketimpangan dan eksploitasi terhadap kaum buruh pada era Kapitalisme Industrial ternyata terus berlanjut dalam Kapitalisme Digital ketika Big Data menjadi logika akumulasi kapital yang baru (dalam kerangka Data as Capital) dengan pelaku utamanya The Big Five. Ketika Covid-19 menghantam, kondisi-kondisi material dan kelangsungan hidup para pekerja industri kreatif sebagai free labor justru semakin diperparah.
Referensi
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Dobrick, F. M., Fischer, J., dan Hagen, L. M. Tim Editor. (2018). Research Ethics in the Digital Age: Ethics for the Social Sciences and Humanities in Times of Mediatization and Digitization. Wiesbaden, Jerman: Springer VS.
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Fuchs, C. (2016). Towards Marxian Internet Studies. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (22-67). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Galtung, J. (1971). A Structural Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, 8(2), 81-117. Artikel dapat diakses di https://www.jstor.org/stable/422946
Graham, R. (2017). Google and advertising: digital capitalism in the context of Post-Fordism, the reification of language, and the rise of fake news. Palgrave Communications, 3(45), 1-19. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-017-0021-4
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated content, free labour and the cultural industries. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, 10(3/4), 267-284.
Hesmondhalgh, D. & Baker, S. (2011). Creative Labour: Media work in three cultural industries. London dan New York: Routledge.
Hout, W. (1993). Capitalism and the Third World: Development, Dependence and the World System. Aldershot, Hants (UK) dan Vermont (USA): Edward Elgar.
Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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Lanier, J. (2013). Who Owns the Future? New York: Simon & Schuster.
McChesney, R. W. & Schiller, D. (2002). The Political Economy of International Communications: Foundations for the Emerging Global Debate Over Media Ownership and Regulation. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
McQuivey, J. (2013). Digital Disruption: Unleashing The Next Wave of Innovation. Las Vegas: Amazon Publishing.
Meier, W. A. (2019). Towards a policy for digital capitalism? Dalam Trappel, J. Editor. Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination (265-284). Göteborg: Nordicom.
Meier, L. M. dan Manzerolle, V. R. (2018). Rising tides? Data capture, platform accumulation, and new monopolies in the digital music economy. New Media & Society, 21(3), 543-561. DOI: 10.1177/1461444818800998
Miller, Toby (2009). "From Creative to Cultural Industries: Not all industries are cultural, and no industries are creative." Cultural Studies, 23(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380802326660
Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication (2nd edition). London (UK) dan Thousand Oaks (USA): Sage Publication.
Mosco, V. (2014). To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World. London dan New York: Routledge.
Mosco, V. (2016a). Marx in the Cloud. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (516-535). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Mosco, M. (2016b). Marx is Back, But Which One? On Knowledge Labour and Media Practice. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, C. Tim Editor. Marx and The Political Economy of The Media (23-35). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Palfrey, J. dan Gasser, U. (2008). Born Digital: Understanding The First Generation of Digital Natives. New York: Basic Books.
Popkova, E. G., Ragulina, Y. V., & Bogoviz, A. V. (2019). Fundamental Differences of Transition to Industry 4.0 from Previous Industrial Revolutions. Dalam Elena G. Popkova, Yulia V. Ragulina, dan Aleksei V. Bogoviz. Tim Editor. Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century (21-29). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Posner, E. A. dan Weyl, E. G. (2018). Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society. Princeton dan Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, Digital immigrants. Dalam Bauerlein, M. Editor. The Digital Divide (3-11). New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/ Penguin.
Prodnik, J. A. (2016). 3C: Commodifying Communication in Capitalism. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (233-321). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Pun, N., Tse, T., & Ng, K. (2017). Challenging digital capitalism: SACOM's campaigns against Apple and Foxconn as monopoly capital. Information, Communication & Society, 22(9), 1253-1268. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1414290.
Pupillo, L., Noam, E., dan Waverman, L. Tim Editor. (2018). Digitized Labor: The Impact of the Internet on Employment. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan
Sandoval, M. (2016). Foxconned Labour as the Dark Side of the Information Age: Working Conditions at Apple’s Contract Manufacturers in China. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (350-395). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
San-Juan, D. M. M. (2017). Why Marx Was Right: Third World Edition. Journal of Developing Societies, 33(1), 1–26. DOI: 10.1177/0169796X16653333
Schiller, H. I. (1976). Communication and Cultural Domination. International Journal of Politics, 5(4), 1-127. Diakses dari http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868829
Schiller, D. (1999). Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System. Cambridge, MA dan London (UK): The MIT Press.
Scholz, T. (2013). Why Does Digital Labor Matter Now? Dalam Scholz, T. Editor. Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory (1-9). New York dan London: Routledge.
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Jenewa: World Economic Forum.
Schwarz, O. (2019). Facebook Rules: Structures of Governance in Digital Capitalism and the Control of Generalized Social Capital. Theory, Culture & Society, 36(4), 117-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419826249
Smythe, D. W. (1977). Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 1(3), 1–27.
Sudibyo, A. (2019). Jagat Digital: Pembebasan dan Penguasaan. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Thomas, M. Editor. (2011). Deconstructing Digital Natives: Young People, Technology and the New Literacies. London and New York: Routledge.
Thrift, N. (2001). Perspectives on New Political Economy: Chasing Capitalism. New Political Economy, 6(3), 375-380. DOI: 10.1080/13563460120091360
Towse, R. (2002). Book Review. Richard E. Caves. (2000). Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Journal of Political Economy, 110(1), 234-237.
Wasko, J. (2014). The study of the political economy of the media in the twenty-first century. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 10(3), 259–271. doi: 10.1386/macp.10.3.259_1
Wittel, A. (2016). Digital Marx: Toward a Political Economy of Distributed Media. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (68-104). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Zanoni, P. (2019). Labor Market Inclusion Through Predatory Capitalism? The "Sharing Economy," Diversity, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction in The Belgian Coordinated Market Economy. Work and Labor in the Digital Age: Research in the Sociology of Work, 33, 145–164. Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S0277-283320190000033009
Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
Betancourt, M. (2015). Th e Critique of Digital Capitalism: An Analysis of Th e Political Economy of Digital Culture and Technology. Brooklyn, New York: punctum books.
Cameron, N. M. S. (2017). Will Robots Take Your Job? A Plea for Consensus. Cambridge (UK) dan Malden, MA (USA): Polity Press.
Dingli, A. dan Seychell, D. (2015). Th e New Digital Natives: Cutting the Chord. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Dobrick, F. M., Fischer, J., dan Hagen, L. M. Tim Editor. (2018). Research Ethics in the Digital Age: Ethics for the Social Sciences and Humanities in Times of Mediatization and Digitization. Wiesbaden, Jerman: Springer VS.
Elliott, D. dan Spence, E. H. (2018). Ethics for a Digital Era. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Fuchs, C. (2013). Class and Exploitation on the Internet. Dalam Scholz, T. Editor. Digital Labor: Th e Internet as Playground and Factory (211-224). New York dan London: Routledge.
Fuchs, C. (2013). Class and Exploitation on the Internet. Dalam Scholz, T. Editor. Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory (211-224). New York dan London: Routledge.
Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. (2016). Introduction: Marx is Back – The Importance of Marxist Theory and Research for Critical Communication Studies Today. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (1-21). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Fuchs, C. (2016). Towards Marxian Internet Studies. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (22-67). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Galtung, J. (1971). A Structural Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, 8(2), 81-117. Artikel dapat diakses di https://www.jstor.org/stable/422946
Graham, R. (2017). Google and advertising: digital capitalism in the context of Post-Fordism, the reification of language, and the rise of fake news. Palgrave Communications, 3(45), 1-19. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-017-0021-4
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated content, free labour and the cultural industries. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, 10(3/4), 267-284.
Hesmondhalgh, D. & Baker, S. (2011). Creative Labour: Media work in three cultural industries. London dan New York: Routledge.
Hout, W. (1993). Capitalism and the Third World: Development, Dependence and the World System. Aldershot, Hants (UK) dan Vermont (USA): Edward Elgar.
Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Kasali, R. (2017). Disruption. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
---. (2018). The Great Shifting: Series on Disruption, Lebih Baik Pegang Kendali daripada Dikuasai. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Koloğlugil, S. (2015) Digitizing Karl Marx: The New Political Economy of General Intellect and Immaterial Labor. Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 27(1), 123-137. DOI: 10.1080/08935696.2014.980678
Lanier, J. (2013). Who Owns the Future? New York: Simon & Schuster.
McChesney, R. W. & Schiller, D. (2002). The Political Economy of International Communications: Foundations for the Emerging Global Debate Over Media Ownership and Regulation. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
McQuivey, J. (2013). Digital Disruption: Unleashing The Next Wave of Innovation. Las Vegas: Amazon Publishing.
Meier, W. A. (2019). Towards a policy for digital capitalism? Dalam Trappel, J. Editor. Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination (265-284). Göteborg: Nordicom.
Meier, L. M. dan Manzerolle, V. R. (2018). Rising tides? Data capture, platform accumulation, and new monopolies in the digital music economy. New Media & Society, 21(3), 543-561. DOI: 10.1177/1461444818800998
Miller, Toby (2009). "From Creative to Cultural Industries: Not all industries are cultural, and no industries are creative." Cultural Studies, 23(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380802326660
Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication (2nd edition). London (UK) dan Thousand Oaks (USA): Sage Publication.
Mosco, V. (2014). To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World. London dan New York: Routledge.
Mosco, V. (2016a). Marx in the Cloud. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (516-535). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Mosco, M. (2016b). Marx is Back, But Which One? On Knowledge Labour and Media Practice. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, C. Tim Editor. Marx and The Political Economy of The Media (23-35). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Palfrey, J. dan Gasser, U. (2008). Born Digital: Understanding The First Generation of Digital Natives. New York: Basic Books.
Popkova, E. G., Ragulina, Y. V., & Bogoviz, A. V. (2019). Fundamental Differences of Transition to Industry 4.0 from Previous Industrial Revolutions. Dalam Elena G. Popkova, Yulia V. Ragulina, dan Aleksei V. Bogoviz. Tim Editor. Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century (21-29). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Posner, E. A. dan Weyl, E. G. (2018). Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society. Princeton dan Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, Digital immigrants. Dalam Bauerlein, M. Editor. The Digital Divide (3-11). New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/ Penguin.
Prodnik, J. A. (2016). 3C: Commodifying Communication in Capitalism. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (233-321). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Pun, N., Tse, T., & Ng, K. (2017). Challenging digital capitalism: SACOM's campaigns against Apple and Foxconn as monopoly capital. Information, Communication & Society, 22(9), 1253-1268. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1414290.
Pupillo, L., Noam, E., dan Waverman, L. Tim Editor. (2018). Digitized Labor: The Impact of the Internet on Employment. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan
Sandoval, M. (2016). Foxconned Labour as the Dark Side of the Information Age: Working Conditions at Apple’s Contract Manufacturers in China. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in The Age of Digital Capitalism (350-395). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
San-Juan, D. M. M. (2017). Why Marx Was Right: Third World Edition. Journal of Developing Societies, 33(1), 1–26. DOI: 10.1177/0169796X16653333
Schiller, H. I. (1976). Communication and Cultural Domination. International Journal of Politics, 5(4), 1-127. Diakses dari http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868829
Schiller, D. (1999). Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System. Cambridge, MA dan London (UK): The MIT Press.
Scholz, T. (2013). Why Does Digital Labor Matter Now? Dalam Scholz, T. Editor. Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory (1-9). New York dan London: Routledge.
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Jenewa: World Economic Forum.
Schwarz, O. (2019). Facebook Rules: Structures of Governance in Digital Capitalism and the Control of Generalized Social Capital. Theory, Culture & Society, 36(4), 117-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419826249
Smythe, D. W. (1977). Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 1(3), 1–27.
Sudibyo, A. (2019). Jagat Digital: Pembebasan dan Penguasaan. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Thomas, M. Editor. (2011). Deconstructing Digital Natives: Young People, Technology and the New Literacies. London and New York: Routledge.
Thrift, N. (2001). Perspectives on New Political Economy: Chasing Capitalism. New Political Economy, 6(3), 375-380. DOI: 10.1080/13563460120091360
Towse, R. (2002). Book Review. Richard E. Caves. (2000). Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Journal of Political Economy, 110(1), 234-237.
Wasko, J. (2014). The study of the political economy of the media in the twenty-first century. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 10(3), 259–271. doi: 10.1386/macp.10.3.259_1
Wittel, A. (2016). Digital Marx: Toward a Political Economy of Distributed Media. Dalam Fuchs, C. dan Mosco, V. Tim Editor. (2016). Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (68-104). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Zanoni, P. (2019). Labor Market Inclusion Through Predatory Capitalism? The "Sharing Economy," Diversity, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction in The Belgian Coordinated Market Economy. Work and Labor in the Digital Age: Research in the Sociology of Work, 33, 145–164. Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S0277-283320190000033009
Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
2021-04-24
Cara Mengutip
Putranto, H. (2021). Covid-19 dan Krisis Industri Kreatif dalam Kapitalisme Digital: Komodifi kasi Pekerja Media Digital dalam Kerangka Data as Labor. Respons: Jurnal Etika Sosial, 25(02), 9–48. https://doi.org/10.25170/respons.v25i02.2461
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