Etika Medis dan Pembentukan Dokter yang Berkeutamaan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/respons.v17i01.741Kata Kunci:
Empati, keutamaan, bioetika, filsafat, perjumpaan klinis, perjumpaan etis, relasi dokter–pasienAbstrak
Sifat empati sama pentingnya dengan penguasaan teknologi kedokteran. Dalam relasi dokter–pasien, sifat empati merupakan kesadaran etis yang mendorong para dokter untuk mendekatkan diri dan terlibat dengan pasien. Pengalaman relasional dokter–pasien lalu dihayati sebagai baik pengalaman klinis (penyembuhan) maupun perjumpaan etis (menguatkan, meneguhkan, mendukung, memberi harapan, mengubah gaya hidup, menerima kerapuhan manusia, dan sebagainya). Kita kemudian menjadi terkejut ketika sifat yang paling mendasar ini perlahan-lahan menghilang dari dalam diri para dokter, dan itu dimulai sejak masa pendidikan. Jika rasa empati para mahasiswa kedokteran rendah, apakah pendidikan formal mengenai empati dapat membantu mengatasinya? Penulis berargumentasi bahwa kuliah etika medis dapat berperan dalam mempromosikan dan membentuk watak empati dokter sejauh metodologi pengajarannya dipilih secara tepat. Mahasiswa seharusnya memanfaatkan kuliah etika medis sebagai kerangka refleksi dalam mengolah pengalaman perjumpaan mereka dengan pasien. Posisi ini sekaligus “mengoreksi” keyakinan berlebihan pada bioetika yang bertendensi saintifik sebagai ilmu yang sanggup membentuk rasa empati.
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Ahlzen, Rolf. (2007). “Medical Humanities–Arts and Humanistic Science”, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10 385-393 (doi: 10.1007/s11019-007-9081-3).
Al-Nuaimi, Yusur, Gus, McGrouther, Bayat, Ardeshir. (2008). “Modernising Medical Careers and Factors Influencing Career Choices of Medical Students”, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 69/3.
Arras, John. (Mei 2012). “Theory and Bioethics”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2010/entries/theory-bioethics/>. Diakses: 30.
Bertens, K. (2011). Etika Biomedis, Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Colgan, Richard (2009). Advice to the Young Physician. On the Art of Medicine, New York: Springer.
Dawson, Angus. (2010). “The Future of Bioethics: Three Dogmas and a Cup of Hemlock”, Bioethics 24.
E. Stemsey, William. (1999). “The quarantine of Philosophy in Medical Education: Why Teaching the Humanities May Not Produce Humane Physicians” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 2.
E. Stemsey, William. (2007). “Medical Humanities and Philosophy: Is the Universe Expanding or Contracting?” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10 (doi: 10.1007/s11019-007-9080-4).
E. Stemsey, William. (2007). “Medical Humanities: Introduction to the Theme Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10 (doi: 10.1007/s11019-007-9078-y).
Evans, H.M., Greaves, D.A. (2002). “Medical Humanities – What’s in a Name?” Med Humanities 28 (doi: 10.1136/mh.28.1.1).
Evans, H.M. (2007). “Medical Humanities: Stranger at the Gate, or Long-lost Friend? Medical, Health Care and Philosophy 10 (doi: 10.1007/s11019-9079-x).
Fogarty, Linda A. ( Januari 1999). “Can 40 Seconds of Compassion Reduce Patient
Anxiety?” Journal of Clinical Oncology 17,1.
G. Scott, John, G. Scott, Rebecca, L. Miller, William, C. Stange, Kurt, and F. Crabtree, Benjamin. (August 2009). “Healing relationships and the existential philosophy of Martin Buber” Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 4,11 (doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-11).
Gelhaus, Petra.(2012). “The desired moral attitude of physician: (I) empathy” Med Health Care and Philos 15.
Gillies, RA, Warren, PR, Messias, E, Salazar, WH, Wagner, PJ, Huff, TA. (December 2009). “Why a Medical Career and What Makes a Good Doctor? Beliefs of Incoming United States Medical Students” Education for Health 22,3.
Available at <http://www.educationforhealth.net/publishedarticles/article_ print_331.pdf> Diakses: 14 November 2012.
Grant, V.J. (2002).“Making Room for Medical Humanities” Med Humanities 28 (doi: 10.1136/mh.28.1.45).
Grant, V.J. (2002). “Courses, Content, and a Student Essay in Medical Humanities Med Humanities 28 (doi: 10.1136/mh.28.1.49).
H. Bishop, Anne and R. Scudder, Jr., John, eds. (1965). Caring, Curing, Coping. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
J. Hanson, Mark and Callahan, Daniels, eds. (1999). The Goals of Medicine. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
G. Scott, John, G. Scott, Rebecca, L. Miller, William, C. Stange, Kurt, dan F. Crabtree, Benjamin. (2009). “Healing Relationship and the Existential Philosophy of Martin Buber.” Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 4.
Killen, Melanie dan Smetana, Judith, eds. (2008). Handbooks of Moral Development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kleinman, Arthur. ( Januari 2008). “Catasthrope and Caregiving: The Failure of Medicine as an Art,” Lancet, 371.
Kuhse, Helga and Singer, Peter, eds. (2001). A Companion to Bioethics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Lown, Beth A., Rosen, Julie, Marttila, John. (September 2011). “An Agenda For Improving Compassionate Care: A Survey Shows About Half Of Patients Say Such Care Is Missing” Health Affairs, 30/9 (doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0539).
Macklin, Ruth. (2010). “The Death of Bioethics (as We Once Knew It)”, Bioethics 24
MacManus, I.C. (October 1995). “Humanity and the medical humanities” Lancet 346
Meakin, R. (2002): 32. “Medical Humanities in Undergraduate Medical Education– Moving on” Med Humanities 23 (doi: 10.11.1136/mh.28.1.32).
Onge, Joye. (April 1997). “Medical Education Must Make Room for Student- Specific Ethical Dilemmas”, Canadian Medical Association, 156/8.
Shapiro, Johanna. (2008). “Walking a Mile in Their Patients’ Shoes: Empathy and Othering in Medical Students’ Education.” Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine,3.
Sintak Gunawan, T. ( Januari-Juni 2000). “Peranan Humaniora Dalam Pendidikan Kedokteran” Respons 5,01.
Slote, Michael. (2007). The Ethics of Care and Empathy. New York: Routledge, 2007. Tim Pokja Revisi SK DI & SPP DI Asosiasi Institusi Pendidikan Dokter Indonesia (AIPK I). (2011). Standar Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia (Revisi), Jakarta.
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2019-08-08
Cara Mengutip
Jena, Y. (2019). Etika Medis dan Pembentukan Dokter yang Berkeutamaan. Respons: Jurnal Etika Sosial, 17(01), 93–128. https://doi.org/10.25170/respons.v17i01.741
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