CUPS, COSTS, AND CLICKS AS DRIVERS OF COFFEE SHOP LOYALTY IN PALEMBANG
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/jm.v22i2.7049Keywords:
Brand Image, Customer Loyalty, Service Quality, Social Media MarketingAbstract
Customer loyalty has become difficult to maintain for independent coffee shops in Palembang due to increasing competition and changing consumer preferences. This study aims to examine how service quality, price perception, and social media marketing relate to customer loyalty, with customer satisfaction and brand image considered as mediating variables. The study collected data from 130 coffee shop customers in Palembang using purposive sampling. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire adapted from previous studies and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with SmartPLS. The results show that customer satisfaction has a central role in shaping customer loyalty. Service quality and social media marketing do not directly influence loyalty but show stronger effects when they improve customer satisfaction. Brand image also affects loyalty, especially in relation to price perception. These findings indicate that customer loyalty is formed through consistent value delivery and positive consumption experiences rather than short term promotional activities. For coffee shop owners, the results suggest the need to maintain service performance, offer fair pricing, and engage customers consistently to support satisfaction and loyalty in a competitive market.
References
Abd-El-Salam, E. M., Shawky, A. Y., & El-Nahas, T. (2013). The impact of corporate image and reputation on service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: Testing the mediating role. Case analysis in an international service company. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 8(1), 130–153.
Ahmed, R. R., Zaidi, E. Z., Alam, S. H., Streimikiene, D., & Parmar, V. (2023). Effect of Social Media Marketing of Luxury Brands on Brand Equity, Customer Equity and Customer Purchase Intention. Www.Amfiteatrueconomic.Ro, 25(62), 265. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2023/62/265
Ali, H., Rivai Zainal, V., & Rafqi Ilhamalimy, R. (2022). Determination of Purchase Decisions and Customer Satisfaction: Analysis of Brand Image and Service Quality (Review Literature of Marketing Management). Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 3(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v3i1.1100
Almanwari, H. S. A., Md Saad, N. H., & Zainal, S. R. M. (2024). The influence of environment & location, personal motivation, and fee & price on satisfaction, attituding and behavioural loyalty among international students in Oman. In Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (Vol. 10, Issue 2). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100285
Almohaimmeed, B. M. A. (2019). The Effects of Social Media Marketing Antecedents on Social Media Marketing, Brand Loyalty and Purchase Intention: A Customer Perspective. Journal of Business & Retail Management Research, 13(04). https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/V13IS04/ART-13
Azhar, A., Syahla Dilla, R., Faridl, W., Yusuf, R. T., Purwaningdyah, S. W. S., & Fatihah, T. (2021). Whether E-Service Quality and E-Trust Are Able to Influence E-Customer Loyalty Through E-Customer Satisfaction on E-Commerce Lazada in Bandung City. Psychology and Education, 58(1), 6324–6330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.3788
Bilgin, Y. (2018). The Effect of Social Media Marketing Activities on Brand Awareness, Brand Image and Brand Loyalty. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(1), 128–148. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v6i1.229
BPS, S. I. (2024). Indonesia Coffee Statistics. https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2024/11/29/d748d9bf594118fe112fc51e/indonesian-coffee-statistics-2023.html
Büyükdağ, N. (2021). The effect of brand awareness, brand image, satisfaction, brand loyalty and WOM on purchase intention: An empirical research on social media. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(4), 1380–1398. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i4.1902
Carlson, J., Wyllie, J., Rahman, M. M., & Voola, R. (2019). Enhancing brand relationship performance through customer participation and value creation in social media brand communities. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50(July 2018), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.07.008
Casper Ferm, L. E., & Thaichon, P. (2021). Customer pre-participatory social media drivers and their influence on attitudinal loyalty within the retail banking industry: A multi-group analysis utilizing social exchange theory. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102584
Chaerudin, S. M., & Syafarudin, A. (2021). The Effect Of Product Quality, Service Quality, Price On Product Purchasing Decisions On Consumer Satisfaction. Ilomata International Journal of Tax and Accounting, 2(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.52728/ijtc.v2i1.202
Chang, H. H. S., & Fong, C. M. (2025). Sustainable procurement decisions of industrial SMEs: A social exchange theory perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 125, 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.01.017
Clara, C. (2023a). Celebrity Endorsements And Its Brand Love On Purchase Intention At E-Marketplace. Jurnal Manajemen, 27(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v27i1.1078
Clara, C. (2023b). Dimensions of Omnichannel Retail Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 6(2), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.32535/JICP.V6I2.2348
Desveaud, K., Mandler, T., & Eisend, M. (2024). A meta-model of customer brand loyalty and its antecedents. Journal of Business Research, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114589
Do, Q. H., Kim, T. Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Effects of logistics service quality and price fairness on customer repurchase intention: The moderating role of cross-border e-commerce experiences. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103165
Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., Kumar, V., Rahman, M. M., Raman, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Rowley, J., Salo, J., Tran, G. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168
Efendioğlu, İ. H., & Durmaz, Y. (2022). The Impact of Perceptions of Social Media Advertisements on Advertising Value, Brand Awareness and Brand Associations: Research on Generation Y Instagram Users. Transnational Marketing Journal, 10(2), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.33182/tmj.v10i2.1606
El-Adly, M. I. (2019). Modelling the relationship between hotel perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50, 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.07.007
Enayat, T., Mehrani Ardebili, M., Reyhani Kivi, R., Amjadi, B., & Jamali, Y. (2022). A computational approach to Homans Social Exchange Theory. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2022.127263
Essardi, N. I., Mardikaningsih, R., & Darmawan, & D. (2022). Service Quality, Product Diversity, Store Atmosphere, and Price Perception: Determinants of Purchase Decisions for Consumers at Jumbo Supermarket. Journal of Marketing and Business Research, 2(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.56348/mark.v2i2.52
Fakfare, P. (2021). Influence of service attributes of food delivery application on customers’ satisfaction and their behavioural responses: The IPMA approach. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 25, 100392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100392
Gazi, M. A. I., Mamun, A. Al, Masud, A. Al, Senathirajah, A. R. bin S., & Rahman, T. (2024). The relationship between CRM, knowledge management, organization commitment, customer profitability and customer loyalty in telecommunication industry: The mediating role of customer satisfaction and the moderating role of brand image. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100227
Gensler, S., Völckner, F., Egger, M., Fischbach, K., & Schoder, D. (2015). Listen to your customers: Insights into brand image using online consumer-generated product reviews. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 20(1), 112–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1061792
Ghotbabadi, A. R., Feiz, S., & Baharun, R. (2015). Service Quality Measurements: A Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v5-i2/1484
Gunelius, S. (2011). 30-Minute Social Media Marketing. McGraw Hill. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8jRTUB0nI9IC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id#v=onepage&q&f=false
Guo, X., He, Y., & Ignatius, J. (2025). Optimal Security and Pricing Strategies for AI Cloud Service Providers: Balancing Effort and Price Discounts Across Public, Private, and Hybrid AI Cloud Models. International Journal of Production Economics, 109605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109605
Headley, M. (2015). 2015 Social Media Marketing Trends: A 2015 survey and report on social media marketing practices and software usage (Issue May). http://get.simplymeasured.com/rs/simplymeasured2/images/2015SocialMarketingTrendsReportTrustRadius.pdf
Hernandez Marquina, M. V., Le Dain, M. A., Joly, I., & Zwolinski, P. (2024). Exploring determinants of collaboration in circular supply chains: A social exchange theory perspective. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 50, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.07.017
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Harcourt.
Hopkins, J. L. (2013). Engaging Australian Rules Football fans with social media: A case study. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 13(1–2), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2013.055197
Hung, C. L., Wu, J. H., Chen, P. Y., Xu, X., Hsu, W. L., Lin, L. M., & Hsieh, M. C. (2023). Enhancing healthcare services and brand engagement through social media marketing: Integration of Kotler’s 5A framework with IDEA process. Information Processing and Management, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103379
Johansson, A. C., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Reputational assets and social media marketing activeness: Empirical insights from China. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 61, 101305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2023.101305
Joshi, A. W. (2025). How and when incentives and collaboration are effective in fostering supplier component innovation: Insights from social exchange theory. Journal of Business Research, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115131
Juwaini, A., Chidir, G., Novitasari, D., Iskandar, J., Hutagalung, D., Pramono, T., Maulana, A., Safitri, K., Fahlevi, M., Sulistyo, A. B., & Purwanto, A. (2022). The role of customer e-trust, customer e-service quality and customer e-satisfaction on customer e-loyalty. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 6(2), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.12.006
Keke, M. E. (2022). The use of digital marketing in information transport in social media: The example of Turkish companies. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 2579–2588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.297
Keller, K. L. , & Swaminathan, V. (2020). Strategic Brand Management- Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity (5th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Khan, Yang, Shafi, & Yang. (2019). Role of Social Media Marketing Activities (SMMAs) in Apparel Brands Customer Response: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Sustainability, 11(19), 5167. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195167
Kim, H., So, K. K. F., & Wirtz, J. (2022). Service robots: Applying social exchange theory to better understand human–robot interactions. Tourism Management, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104537
Konuk, F. A. (2019). The influence of perceived food quality, price fairness, perceived value and satisfaction on customers’ revisit and word-of-mouth intentions towards organic food restaurants. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50(May), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.05.005
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management. In Pearson Education, Inc. (15 th Ed.).
Lajante, M., & Ladhari, R. (2019). The promise and perils of the peripheral psychophysiology of emotion in retailing and consumer services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50(July 2018), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.07.005
Lee, S. (Olivia), & Han, H. (2022). Food delivery application quality in customer brand loyalty formation: Identifying its antecedent and outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103292
Li, Z., He, P., & Xu, H. (2025). Optimizing cooperation mechanisms for augmented reality (AR) services: Balancing product returns, pricing, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104263
Ma, B., Mao, B., Liu, S., Chen, J., Wunsch, D., & Liu, J. (2024). Return strategies and channel pricing in omni-channel retail considering heterogeneous customer perceptions. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110311
Ma, B., Wong, Y. D., Teo, C.-C., & Wang, Z. (2024). Enhance understandings of Online Food Delivery’s service quality with online reviews. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 76, 103588. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103588
Maduku, D. K. (2024). Social media marketing assimilation in B2B firms: An integrative framework of antecedents and consequences. Industrial Marketing Management, 119, 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.04.003
Malarvizhi, C. A., Al Mamun, A., Jayashree, S., Naznen, F., & Abir, T. (2022). Modelling the significance of social media marketing activities, brand equity and loyalty to predict consumers’ willingness to pay premium price for portable tech gadgets. Heliyon, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10145
Matsuoka, K. (2022). Effects of revenue management on perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 148, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.052
Mujica, A., Villanueva, E., & Lodeiros-Zubiria, M. L. (2021). Micro-learning Platforms Brand Awareness Using Socialmedia Marketing and Customer Brand Engagement. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 16(17), 19. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i17.23339
Nupueng, S., Kim, L., Maijan, P., & Issayeva, G. (2024). Influences of price fairness, convenience and risk on service value development influencing E-banking satisfaction: Technological competency as a moderator. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101170
Nurhadi, M., Suryani, T., & Fauzi, A. A. (2025). Cultivating domestic brand love through social media marketing activities: Insights from young consumers in an emerging market. Asia Pacific Management Review, 30(1), 100349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2024.100349
Omar, S., Mohsen, K., Tsimonis, G., Oozeerally, A., & Hsu, J.-H. (2021). M-commerce: The nexus between mobile shopping service quality and loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102468
Ong, A. K. S., Mendoza, M. C. O., Ponce, J. R. R., Bernardo, K. T. A., Tolentino, S. A. M., Diaz, J. F. T., & Young, M. N. (2024). Analysis of investment behavior among Filipinos: Integration of Social exchange theory (SET) and the Theory of planned behavior (TPB). Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2024.130162
Parasuraman, A. P., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-Item Scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225083802
Prentice, C., Wang, X., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2019). The influence of brand experience and service quality on customer engagement. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50(April), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.04.020
Purwanto, A. (2024, August 15). Mengapa Kafe dan Kedai Kopi Kian Marak di Indonesia? Https://Www.Kompas.Id/Baca/Riset/2024/08/15/Mengapa-Kafe-Dan-Kedai-Kopi-Kian-Marak-Di-Indonesia.
Ragab, H., Polo-Peña, A. I., & Mahrous, A. A. (2024). The effect of airline service quality, perceived value, emotional attachment, and brand loyalty on passengers’ willingness to pay: The moderating role of airline origin. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101313
Rastogi, T., Agarwal, B., & Gopal, G. (2024). Exploring the nexus between sustainable marketing and customer loyalty with the mediating role of brand image. Journal of Cleaner Production, 440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140808
Ren, Q., Xu, X., Scullion, R., Lin, Y., Wang, S., & Rong, K. (2025). Linking social exchange theory to B2B relationship innovation management: The moderating role of reciprocity. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124003
Rutsaert, P., Donovan, J., Murphy, M., & Hoffmann, V. (2024). Farmer decision making for hybrid maize seed purchases: Effects of brand loyalty, price discounts and product information. Agricultural Systems, 218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.104002
Ryu, K., & Han, H. (2010). Influence of the Quality of Food, Service, and Physical Environment on Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention in Quick-Casual Restaurants: Moderating Role of Perceived Price. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 34(3), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009350624
Santos, M., & Schlesinger, W. (2021). When love matters. Experience and brand love as antecedents of loyalty and willingness to pay a premium price in streaming services. Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 25(3), 374–391. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-11-2020-0201
Segoro, W. (2013). The Influence of Perceived Service Quality, Mooring Factor, and Relationship Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.433
Seo, E. J., & Park, J. W. (2018). A study on the effects of social media marketing activities on brand equity and customer response in the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 66, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.09.014
Shanahan, T., Tran, T. P., & Taylor, E. C. (2019). Getting to know you: Social media personalization as a means of enhancing brand loyalty and perceived quality. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.10.007
Sheng, J. (2019). Being Active in Online Communications: Firm Responsiveness and Customer Engagement Behaviour. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 46, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2018.11.004
Song, H., Wang, J., & Han, H. (2019). Effect of image, satisfaction, trust, love, and respect on loyalty formation for name-brand coffee shops. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 79, 50–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.12.011
Sun, H., Dai, Y. Y., Jeon, S. S., Lee, R., Wang, H., Shi, X., Sun, L., & Wang, Y. (2024). The impact of brand authenticity on brand attachment, brand loyalty, willingness to pay more, and forgiveness - For Chinese consumers of Korean cosmetic brands -. Heliyon, 10(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36030
Sung, Y. H., Kim, D. H., Choi, D., & Lee, S. Y. (2020). Facebook ads not working in the same way: The effect of cultural orientation and message construals on consumer response to social media ads. Telematics and Informatics, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101427
Swaid, S., & Wigand, R. T. (2009). Measuring the quality of E-service: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 10(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228623561
Tahir, A. H., Adnan, M., & Saeed, Z. (2024). The impact of brand image on customer satisfaction and brand loyalty: A systematic literature review. Heliyon, 10(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36254
Tran, P. N. T., Gorton, M., & Lemke, F. (2022). Buyers’ perspectives on improving performance and curtailing supplier opportunism in supplier development: A social exchange theory approach. Industrial Marketing Management, 106, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.08.009
Tran, T. T. S., Nemeth, N., & Sarker, M. S. I. (2024). Digital marketing in community-based enterprises: A systematic literature review and research agenda. In Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (Vol. 10, Issue 4). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100414
Urbonavicius, S., Degutis, M., Zimaitis, I., Kaduskeviciute, V., & Skare, V. (2021). From social networking to willingness to disclose personal data when shopping online: Modelling in the context of social exchange theory. Journal of Business Research, 136, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.031
Wan, H., Mei, M. Q., Yan, J., Xiong, J., & Wang, L. (2023). How does apology matter? Responding to negative customer reviews on online-to-offline platforms. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 61, 101291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2023.101291
Wang, Y., Hu, W., Park, K. S., Yuan, Q., & Chen, N. (2023). Examining residents’ support for night tourism: An application of the social exchange theory and emotional solidarity. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100780
Wibowo, A., Chen, S.-C., Wiangin, U., Ma, Y., & Ruangkanjanases, A. (2020). Customer Behavior as an Outcome of Social Media Marketing: The Role of Social Media Marketing Activity and Customer Experience. Sustainability, 13(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010189
Wirtz, J., & Lovelock, C. (2022). Services Marketing People, Technology, Strategy, Ninth Edition. In Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy, Ninth Edition. World Scientific Publishing Co. https://doi.org/10.1142/y0024
Xu, J. (Bill), Prayag, G., & Song, H. (2022). The effects of consumer brand authenticity, brand image, and age on brand loyalty in time-honored restaurants: Findings from SEM and fsQCA. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103340
Zollo, L., Filieri, R., Rialti, R., & Yoon, S. (2020). Unpacking the relationship between social media marketing and brand equity: The mediating role of consumers’ benefits and experience. Journal of Business Research, 117, 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.001
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Catharina Clara, Fifi Angelita

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).








