Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada lansia
Education as a Protective Factor of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/djm.v25i2.5690Keywords:
diabetes melitus, gangguan fungsi kognitif, hipertensi, lansia, pendidikanAbstract
Pendahuluan: Gangguan fungsi kognitif merupakan masalah yang sering ditemukan pada lansia dan dapat memengaruhi kemandirian serta kualitas hidup. Berbagai faktor biologis dan sosiodemografis diduga berhubungan dengan fungsi kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada lansia.
Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang ini melibatkan 99 responden berusia ≥60 tahun di PUSAKA Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat. Variabel sosiodemografis meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, dan tingkat pendidikan, sedangkan faktor biologis meliputi hipertensi, diabetes melitus, dan indeks massa tubuh. Fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan Montreal Cognitive Assessment versi Indonesia (MoCA-INA). Analisis bivariat dilakukan menggunakan uji Chi-square, dilanjutkan dengan regresi logistik multivariat.
Hasil: Sebanyak 65,7% responden mengalami gangguan fungsi kognitif. Tingkat pendidikan berhubungan secara bermakna dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada analisis bivariat (p=0,014; OR=2,943; IK95% 1,231–7,035). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, jenis kelamin, hipertensi, diabetes melitus, maupun indeks massa tubuh dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif. Pada analisis multivariat, tingkat pendidikan tetap berhubungan secara bermakna dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif (p=0,029; OR=2,685; IK95% 1,109–6,501).
Simpulan: Tingkat pendidikan berhubungan secara independen dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada lansia. Lansia dengan tingkat pendidikan lebih rendah memiliki odds gangguan fungsi kognitif yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan lansia dengan tingkat pendidikan lebih tinggi.
Downloads
References
1. Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2020 [Internet]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 11]. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2020/12/21/0fc023221965624a644c1111/statistik-penduduk-lanjut-usia-2020.html
2. Alzheimer’s Association. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) [Internet]. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia [cited 2024 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/mild-cognitive-impairment
3. Wei J, Yin X, Liu Q, Tan L, Jia C. Association between hypertension and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study in people over 45 years old in China. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018;20(11):1575–83.
4. Liu L, Hayden KM, May NS, Haring B, Liu Z, Henderson VW, et al. Association between blood pressure levels and cognitive impairment in older women: a prospective analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(1):e42–53.
5. You Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Xu Y, Qin J, Guo S, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2021;58(6):671–85.
6. Alzheimer’s Association. Diabetes and cognitive decline [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-dementia-diabetes-cognitive-decline-ts.pdf
7. Flores-Cordero JA, Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Alba G, Flores-Barragán A, Sánchez-Margalet V. Obesity as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: The role of leptin. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):5202.
8. Talaei M, Feng L, Barrenetxea J, Yuan JM, Pan A, Koh WP. Adiposity, weight change, and risk of cognitive impairment: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;74(1):319–29.
9. Tsentidou G, Moraitou D, Tsolaki M. Cognition in vascular aging and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;72(1):55–70.
10. Conde DM, Verdade RC, Valadares ALR, Mella LFB, Pedro AO, Costa-Paiva L. Menopause and cognitive impairment: a narrative review of current knowledge. World J Psychiatry. 2021;11(8):412–28.
11. Clouston SAP, Smith DM, Mukherjee S, Zhang Y, Hou W, Link BG, et al. Education and cognitive decline: an integrative analysis of global longitudinal studies of cognitive aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;75(7):e151–60.
12. Kerkhofs D, Helgers R, Hermes D, Steinbusch HPJ, Van Essen H, Leenders P, et al. Amlodipine limits microglia activation and cognitive dysfunction in aged hypertensive mice. J Hypertens. 2023;41(7):1159–67.
13. Chow YY, Verdonschot M, McEvoy CT, Peeters G. Associations between depression and cognition, mild cognitive impairment and dementia in persons with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185: 109227.
14. Liang F, Fu J, Turner-McGrievy G, Wang Y, Qiu N, Ding K, et al. Association of body mass index and plant-based diet with cognitive impairment among older Chinese adults: a prospective, nationwide cohort study. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3132.
15. Castanho TC, Santos NC, Meleiro-Neves C, Neto S, Moura GR, Santos MA, et al. Association of positive and negative life events with cognitive performance and psychological status in late life: a cross-sectional study in Northern Portugal. Aging Brain. 2021;1:100020.
16. Levine DA, Gross AL, Briceño EM, Tilton N, Giordani BJ, Sussman JB, et al. Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e210169.
17. Fjell AM, Rogeberg O, Sørensen Ø, Amlien IK, Bartrés-Faz D, Brandmaier AM, et al. Reevaluating the role of education on cognitive decline and brain aging in longitudinal cohorts across 33 Western countries. Nat Med. 2025;31(9):2967–76.
18. Okamoto S, Kobayashi E, Murayama H, Liang J, Fukaya T, Shinkai S. Decomposition of gender differences in cognitive functioning: National survey of the Japanese elderly. BMC Geriatr. 2021; 21(1):38.
19. Riskiana NEPN, Mandagi AM. Tingkat pendidikan dengan fungsi kognitif pada lansia dalam periode aging population. Preventif J Kesehat Masy. 2021;12(2):256–68.
20. Stern Y, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Bartrés-Faz D, Belleville S, Cantilon M, Chetelat G, et al. Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(9):1305–11.
21. Yan X, Meng T, Liu H, Liu J, Du J, Chang C. The association between the duration, treatment, control of hypertension and lifestyle risk factors in middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment: a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:585–95.
22. Bao J, Liu J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Su X, Sun J, et al. Relationship between hypertension and cognitive function in an elderly population: a population-based study in rural Northern China. Front Neurol. 2022;13:885598.
23. Bozanic A, Toro P, Bello-Lepe S, Hurtado-Oliva J, Beyle C, Valdés C, et al. Cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus among community-dwelling older adults in Chile: prevalence, risk factors and cognitive characteristics. Front Hum Neurosci. 2023;16:1070611.
24. Alkethiri K, Almtroudi T, Bin Jurays A, Abanumay F, Aldammas M, AlKhodheer M, et al. The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive functions. Heliyon. 2021;7(3):e06358.
25. Sun Z, Wang ZT, Sun FR, Shen XN, Xu W, Ma YH, et al. Late-life obesity is a protective factor for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(2):2005–17.
26. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.
27. Bao J, Liu J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Su X, Sun J, et al. Relationship between hypertension and cognitive function in an elderly population: A population-based study in rural Northern China. Front Neurol. 2022;13:885598.
28. Bozanic A, Toro P, Bello-Lepe S, Hurtado-Oliva J, Beyle C, Valdés C, et al. Cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus among community-dwelling older adults in Chile: Prevalence, risk factors and cognitive characteristics. Front Hum
Neurosci. 2023;16:1070611.
29. Alkethiri K, Almtroudi T, Bin Jurays A, Abanumay F, Aldammas M, AlKhodheer M, et al. The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive functions. Heliyon. 2021;7(3):e06358.
30. Sun Z, Wang ZT, Sun FR, Shen XN, Xu W, Ma YH, et al. Late-life obesity is a protective factor for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal study. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(2):2005–17.
31. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Damianus Journal of Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
